In The Practice of Everyday Life, Michel de Certeau suggests that the city can be seen from diff er ent perspectives: from above, as looking at a map or panorama, or from the ground, through the experience of walking. While the view from above produces a legible picture for a voyeur-what de Certeau calls theoretical space-the view from below is social and immersive, lived and experienced, rather than viewed from a distance. The pos si ble paths taken by a walker are myriad and dependent on factors such as race, ethnicity, class, ability, age, and gender. Walkers, for de Certeau, "create networks of. .. moving, intersecting writings [that] compose a manifold story that has neither author nor spectator, shaped out of fragments of trajectories and alterations of spaces." 1 Indeed, a city can provide "a way of conceiving and constructing space on the basis of a finite number of stable, isolatable, and interconnected properties" that intersect and connect and yet differ depending on the space, the repre sen ta tion, the group, or the individual. 2 Along these same lines, critics such as Henri Lefebvre have further noted that "any space implies, contains, and dissimulates social relationships-and this despite the fact that a space is not a thing but rather a set of relations between things (objects and products)." 3 Spaces not only shape the connections and relationships that manifest in their confines, but the spaces themselves are si mul ta neously inflected by the very social interactions and intersections staged within them. Consider three seminal and differing cinematic views of urban space, each mapping a distinct experience of New York City. First, Woody Allen's Manhattan (1979) consciously glorifies the city. 4 In an opening voice-over,