The construction of sea urchin spines-like polypyrrole arrays on cotton-based fabric electrode via a facile electropolymerization for high performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors

Introducing a redox-active ferrocenyl moiety onto a polythiophene derivative towards high-performance flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors

“…6e are the Ragone plots of D1 and D2 in comparison with the ASS SC devices reported in the literature. [53][54][55][56][57] Both ASS-SSC devices in this paper exhibited ultrahigh areal energy densities (maximum at 0.37 and 0.39 mW cm À2 for D1 and D2, respectively, at a power density of 0.7 mW cm À2 ) as well as areal power densities (22.4 W cm À2 for both D1 and D2), surpassing those among all the reported ASS-SSC devices (Table S2 †). 8 To demonstrate the practical use of D1, three charged D1 devices were connected in series to light a bulb, as shown in Fig.…”

Modern Developments for Textile-Based Supercapacitors

“…Metals can be brittle, which reduces their bendability and use as wearable devices, and tend to oxidize, which reduces their conductivity. Therefore, polymeric material is used as either a dopant or an alternative for both the electrodes and the current collection. , While polymers do not offer high conductivity of metals, they have built-in structural flexibility, stretchability, and reduced brittleness that is helpful when making a wearable device. ,, Conductive polymers also offer faradaic responses and can dope the metallic or carbon-based material to boost capacitance and energy densities. , PANI, polypyrrole (PPy), and PEDOT:PSS are popular polymeric materials for supercapacitors because they are flexible, bendable, stretchable, conductive, and stable, offer faradaic responses, and have fast charge and discharge rates. ,− PANI is affordable and easy to work with which makes it desirable for doping with other polymers, metals, or carbon material. , PPy may have mechanical robustness and flexibility, but it has low cycling stability and is commonly used with other polymers or metals in order to overcome this disadvantage. ,,− The most popular polymeric material currently is PEDOT:PSS because it has high thermal and chemical stability and flexibility, is lightweight, offers a theoretical capacitance of 210 F/g, has an actual areal capacitance of 419 mF/cm 2 , and can be used as a method to bind carbon nanomaterial together. ,,,, Manjakkal’s group designed a washable, sweat-based supercapacitor from PEDOT:PSS deposited on fabric, as seen in Figure , that offered an extremely low resistance of 7 to 22 Ω, good electrochemical performance, and stability after 4000 cycles …”

Current Progress of Interfacing Organic Semiconducting Materials with Bacteria

“…Generally, the conductivity of the undoped conjugated polymers are in the range of 10 –10 –10 –6 S cm –1 ; still, they can be tuned and increased, depending on fabrication process and doping concentration, to achieve the conductivity of as high as 10 3 –10 5 S cm –1 . − These polymers also possess good chemical and environmental stability, biocompatibility, and have relatively facile synthesis. − Synthetic methods include chemical oxidative polymerization, enzymatic polymerization, , electropolymerization, − and UV-induced polymerization . Electropolymerization is of interest, especially for thin film coating on electrodes, as it provides simplicity with low cost, does not include the use of potentially toxic oxidizing agents, and provides the ability to fine-tune thickness, morphology, and hydrophobicity of the polymer layers. − Moreover, solubility is not a concern as they are generated in situ . Further, their electronic properties can be controlled by chemical or electrochemical doping/dedoping processes. − Upon doping, the polymer backbone can be oxidized (or reduced) thus creating positive polarons (or negative polarons) and are then considered p-type (or n-type) doped semiconductors.…”