The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective

Harter, Susan

doi:10.1891/0889-8391.15.4.383

Cited by 1,128 publications

(1,782 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, social pressure (which is related to peer pressure, as mentioned) is the strongest predictor of self-esteem in the three groups. At the same time that peers take on a fundamental role in adolescence, physical self-esteem corresponds to one of the main components of adolescents' self-esteem [42] and depends on the comments adolescents receive about their physical appearance. Therefore, we believe that the lesser influence of peers' critical comments on athletes' selfesteem compared to the controls can be explained by the particular benefits to adolescents' self-concept from participation in a recreational/competitive sport [38], particularly the attribution of greater importance to other components of self-esteem.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents

2013

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This study compared potential risk and protective factors, levels of disordered eating (DE), and their relationship among young aesthetic athletes (elite and nonelite) and controls (N = 725; 62.5 % females; mean age = 15.3, SD = 2.1). The participants completed selfreport measures (McKnight Risk Factor Survey-IV, Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire). Female elite athletes showed a greater risk of developing eating disorders than non-elite athletes and controls, with no difference between the three groups of males. Multiple group analyses revealed important differences in DE predictors. Although social pressure is the strongest DE predictor in non-elite athletes and controls, in elite athletes, the strongest DE predictor is body image dissatisfaction. Parental influences, rather than self-esteem, are predictors of DE in elite athletes, unlike the other two groups. These results show that the risk and protective factors involved in the development of DE are not universally valid. The results highlight the importance of studying specific characteristics associated with DE in aesthetic athletes. Some implications for ED risk assessment and prevention are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents

2013

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“…A particularly crucial opposition is that between positive and negative affective valence-an opposition whose resolution and integration is an advanced developmental accomplishment that does not emerge fully until adolescence (Fischer & Biddell, 1998;Harter, 1999;Harter & Monsour, 1992). Indeed, how individuals organize positive and negative affect in terms of differentiated cognitive-affective structures has emerged as a lively research question and is of theoretical interest.…”

Section: Dynamic Integration Of Affect Optimization and Affect Complementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, researchers in child development (e.g., Harris, 2000;Lewis, 2000) have shown that as children differentiate their emotions from those of others, qualitatively new secondary affects emerge-self-conscious feelings such as shame and embarrassment, pride, and guilt. Along with this emergence of complex emotions, the ability to coordinate negative emotions gradually emerges (Fischer & Biddell, 1998;Harter, 1999;Harter & Monsour, 1992).…”

Section: Optimization and Complexity Across The Life Spanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

Labouvie‐Vief

Diehl

Jain

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

112

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This study examines the life course of 2 independent components of adult affective development, 1 aimed at differentiation and complexity, the other aimed at optimization and positive emotional balance. These 2 components are predicted to have different developmental trajectories over the adult life span and to become related in a compensatory fashion under conditions of resource restrictions, such as those related to late life. Using individual growth curve estimation, we modeled 6-year longitudinal changes in the 2 components in a total sample of 388 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 88 years. As predicted, initial level of affect optimization was positively associated with age up to late middle age with a subsequent leveling off; individual rates of change were found to decelerate with age up to age 60 years and accelerate again around age 80 years. For affect complexity, initial level of affect complexity was positively associated with age up to age 45 years and negatively associated with age from then on, whereas individual rates of change were negatively associated with age, and this association tended to get stronger with age.

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“…Body image is highly salient also for preadolescent children's self-concept, particularly for girls (Harter, 1999), and sociocultural icons, such as Barbie dolls, are important because they can be aspirational role models for young children or even imaginary companions (Gleason, Sebanc, & Hartup, 2000). A developmental account of how dolls, such as Barbie, influence girls' self-concept and body image should begin by considering them as role models from a symbolic interactionist perspective (Mead, 1934), through which the thin beauty ideal signified by Barbie is gradually inter-nalized through fantasy and play.…”

Section: Body Dissatisfaction In Girlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls.

Dittmar

Halliwell

Ive

2006

Developmental Psychology

184

125

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The ubiquitous Barbie doll was examined in the present study as a possible cause for young girls' body dissatisfaction. A total of 162 girls, from age 5 to age 8, were exposed to images of either Barbie dolls, Emme dolls (U.S. size 16), or no dolls (baseline control) and then completed assessments of body image. Girls exposed to Barbie reported lower body esteem and greater desire for a thinner body shape than girls in the other exposure conditions. However, this immediate negative impact of Barbie doll was no longer evident in the oldest girls. These findings imply that, even if dolls cease to function as aspirational role models for older girls, early exposure to dolls epitomizing an unrealistically thin body ideal may damage girls' body image, which would contribute to an increased risk of disordered eating and weight cycling.

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The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective

Cited by 1,128 publications

References 0 publications

Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents

Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls.

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