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The conventional reliance upon “memory,” the lyric subtleties of both writing and scenery, and the ubiquitous mood of emotional despair characterize three early Tennessee Williams plays — The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, and Summer and Smoke — and set them a part from the less “poetic” currents in the Williams canon. The plays are remarkably similar in organic configuration; their shape and texture reveal a theatrical form of considerable distinction. Although they gained articulate theatrical expression under three different directors, the scenery for all three was designed (in the “Broadway” productions) by Jo Mielziner, whose ideas have continued to influence subsequent productions. The unique fusion of the Williams-Mielziner artistry has given the American drama a consummate theatre aesthetic: a vision of dramatic life most subtle in its use of human values and most articulate in its visual definition of mood.
The conventional reliance upon “memory,” the lyric subtleties of both writing and scenery, and the ubiquitous mood of emotional despair characterize three early Tennessee Williams plays — The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, and Summer and Smoke — and set them a part from the less “poetic” currents in the Williams canon. The plays are remarkably similar in organic configuration; their shape and texture reveal a theatrical form of considerable distinction. Although they gained articulate theatrical expression under three different directors, the scenery for all three was designed (in the “Broadway” productions) by Jo Mielziner, whose ideas have continued to influence subsequent productions. The unique fusion of the Williams-Mielziner artistry has given the American drama a consummate theatre aesthetic: a vision of dramatic life most subtle in its use of human values and most articulate in its visual definition of mood.
A REASONABLY COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF BIOGRAPHICAL, critical, and other scholarly studies of Sean O'Casey has been' needed for a long time. Otto Brandstadter's (see below) is out of date and by no' means readily available for many scholars; besides, it neither covers the ground adequately nor distinguishes between the useful and the trivial, the "solid" and the ephemeral. It even refers to a few books which do not have O'Casey material at all. The following list is at once more exhaustive and more selective than Brandstadter's. I have omitted most reviews and all apparent trivia, and have checked as many bibliographical references as possible against the books and articles themselves. (Items not examined, and thus not verified, are marked "nv.") For practical reasons, I have not listed material published after the year of O'Casey's death.
Best known as a critic and poet, Lascelles Abercrombie (1881-1938) was also a playwright deeply concemed with the state of the English theatre in the first three decades of this century. For the most part, he was adversely critical of the commercial theatre of his day, opposed to the twin evils of sentimentality and the factual treatment of contemporary social issues, what he termed "naturalism." He wanted to create and promote plays which conveyed the type of "symbolic realism" he found in the work of two feIlow Georgians, John Drinkwater and Gordon Bottomley. In Drinkwater's Cophetua, he saw "a bold attempt to break through the accretions of dramatic convention ... and to achieve a broader, simpler, more frankly symbolic method of drama"; and in Bottomley's The Riding 10 Lithend, he appreciated a play shaped not "according to nature, but according to the curves of beauty, into a symbol of life infinitely more powerful than any actuality could do."
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