The Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME): Development and Validation

Hamer, A.H. den; Konijn, Elly A.; Plaisier, Xanthe S.; Keijer, Micha G.; Krabbendam, Lydia; Bushman, Brad J.

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.050

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Consistent with previous research, males were heavier users of media with antisocial content than females (e.g., Dal Cin, Stoolmiller, & Sargent, 2012;Denniston, Swahn, Hertz, & Romero, 2011;Linder & Gentile, 2009;Möller, Krahé, Busching, & Krause, 2011;Parkes et al, 2013;Den Hamer et al, 2014), whereas females were heavier users of media with prosocial content than males. Likewise, predictive validity was comparable, and in the adolescent sample somewhat stronger, to the results for the original C-ME (den Hamer et al, 2017). Importantly, the factor structure of the C-ME2 (antisocial vs. prosocial media content) provided a good fit for both males and females, consistent with the original C-ME.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

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Measuring Exposure to Media with Antisocial and Prosocial Content: An Extended Version of the Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME2)

Hamer

Konijn

Bushman

2017

Communication Methods and Measures

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The present research developed a measure for exposure to both antisocial and prosocial media content by revising and extending a previous Contentbased Media Exposure Scale (C-ME). The validity and reliability of the C-ME2 was tested in two independent samples (N = 678), among young adults (Study 1) and adolescents (Study 2). Results of Confirmatory Factor Analyses showed good fit, in both studies, for both antisocial and prosocial dimensions of media content, and for both males and females. Furthermore, the C-ME2 explains unique variance beyond previous measures of violent and general media exposure. Evidence is presented of reliability, discriminant and predictive validity of the C-ME2, measuring both frequency and exposure to specific content of media. The C-ME2 covers all media platforms, is easy to use in all research designs, and allows for standardization and systematic comparisons across studies. Antisocial and risk behaviors (e.g., swearing, stealing, fighting, binge drinking) are frequently depicted in the media. This type of media is also popular among youth and they are especially susceptible to its negative influence (e.g.,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Antisocial media content was measured using 12 items (the original 8 items (den Hamer et al, 2017) plus 4 new items measuring relational aggression), and prosocial media content was measured using 10 items (Table 1; Appendix A).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Exposure to Media with Antisocial and Prosocial Content: An Extended Version of the Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME2)

Hamer

Konijn

Bushman

2017

Communication Methods and Measures

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“…It included participants' age, number of siblings, birth order, gender, educational level, geographical data, household income, and religion. The Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME), developed by Den Hamer, A., Konijn, E.A., Plaisier, X.S., Keijer, M.G., Krabbendam, L., and Bushman, was used to estimate exposure to media violence in this study (den Hamer et al, 2017). The Content-based Media Exposure Scale was a self-report scale that included 17 items to assess how frequently someone watches depictions of various media substances, such as fights, sex, drugs, cooking shows, and news, and others (e.g., destroying someone else's belongings or shooting at another person) regardless of the type of media that was being used (e.g., TV, web, videogames).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Violence and Quality of Life among Young Children and Youth in Sialkot, Pakistan

Abbas¹,

Jami²,

Iddress³

et al. 2022

Al-ATHFAL J EDUC CHILD

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Purpose – Media has proved to be a handy tool in education, arts, science, sports, and culture. People spend most of their time watching television, playing video games, and surfing the internet. This study aims to identify how violence in media affects the quality of life among children and youth.Design/methods/approach – A random sample of 181 individuals ranging in age from 7 to 24 was collected online using a Google form questionnaire. An organized self-report Questionnaire had four segments: 1) Consent Form; 2) Demographic Information of Participant; 3) The Content-based Media Exposure Scale(C-ME); 4) Quality of Life Scale (QOL). First part of C-ME shows that exposure to anti-social media content had a negative relationship with quality of life scale [r= -.189, n= 181, P= .011] while second part of C-ME (neutral items) had a positive relationship with quality of life scale [r= .265, n= 181, P= .00].Findings – Findings of this study suggest that lower quality of life is a genuine and developing phenomenon among young children and youth. Training programs for guidance about media content should be customized to be reasonable for each social setting.Research implications/limitations – Sample size could be increased due to compliance with COVID-19 SOP. Online data were collected via Google forms. More research is required to eradicate this issue among children and youth, turning into aggression later in life. This study welcomes all upcoming researchers to work on this for better results.Practical implications – The results of this study show a positive relationship between media violence and quality of life among young children. The quality of life is highly deteriorating because of anti-social media content in various countries. It shows that lower quality of life is a genuine and developing phenomenon among young children and youth. Training programs for guidance about media content should be customized to eradicate current issues in the community.Originality/value – Results of this study highlight the relationship between media content and the quality of life of young children and youth, but this broad topic still requests conclusive discussion and research worldwide. Paper type Research paper

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“…In addition, scholars have devised a number of instruments to measure exposure to different kinds of media content. For example, the Content-based Media Exposure scale (C-ME; den Hamer, Konijn, Plaisier, et al, 2017) measures exposure to anti-social media content (i.e., alcohol use, drug use, aggression and violence, sex, and other deviant behaviors such as stealing) regardless of the platform (e.g., Internet, television, movie, game console, computer, tablet, mobile phone). The revised Content-based Media Exposure scale (C-ME2; den Hamer, Konijn, & Bushman, 2017) also measures exposure to prosocial media (e.g., cooperation, empathy, helping others, comforting others, standing up for others, being nice to others, loving others, making others happy).…”

Section: Media Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Identity as a Cognitive Model of the Self: Commentary on Granic, Morita, & Scholten (2020)

Bushman

Huesmann

2020

Psychological Inquiry

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The Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME): Development and Validation

Cited by 31 publications

References 60 publications

Measuring Exposure to Media with Antisocial and Prosocial Content: An Extended Version of the Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME2)

Measuring Exposure to Media with Antisocial and Prosocial Content: An Extended Version of the Content-based Media Exposure Scale (C-ME2)

Media Violence and Quality of Life among Young Children and Youth in Sialkot, Pakistan

Self-Identity as a Cognitive Model of the Self: Commentary on Granic, Morita, & Scholten (2020)

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