The content of the reference role image of the teacher for students with different levels of academic motivation

Abstract

An important element of an educator's role is to direct students' impressions of him or her. This requires knowing how students see them, i.e., to have an impression of their own reference image on the part of their students. This study analyses the survey results of 333 students from different institutions of higher education and different courses of study. The survey made use of the "Personal Differential" and "Scale of Academic Motivation" methods. Data was collected online with the help of Google Forms. The students' reference image of their instructor was then examined in relation to gender, length of study, subject of study and level of academic motivation. A factor analysis according to the "Personal Differential" method identified two factors related to the instructor's reference image: "Qualities reflecting the ideal instructor's ability of effective self-control" and "Communicative qualities of the ideal instructor". A k-means cluster analysis was then conducted on the basis of the "Scale of Academic Motivation" subscale. This identified two clusters of students, those with: 1) higher levels of motivation for achievement and for acquisition of knowledge, and 2) higher levels of external motivations (significant levels of introjective motivations between clusters were not observed). A Mann-Whitney analysis indicated significant differences between students of the first and second clusters according to the "Qualities reflecting the ideal instructor's ability of effective selfcontrol" and "Communicative qualities of the ideal instructor" factors. Furthermore, students who had higher levels of motivation for achievement and acquisition of knowledge inclined toward a reference image that represented "Qualities reflecting the ideal instructor's ability of effective self-control". We propose that students with higher levels of motivation for acquiring knowledge and achievement put greater value on a style of organisation that promotes success. We did not observe significant differences among students based on their gender, length and subject of study.

Attitude to the appearance of the spouse, depending on the marriage satisfaction

“…In recent years, domestic psychology has increased the number of studies that examine satisfaction, concern about the appearance of people of different ages, and especially young people [1][2][3][4][5], mainly these studies are aimed at identifying the parameters that determine the attitude towards one's appearance. At the same time, consideration of how the interpretation of the external appearance of the "other" can change depending on the relationship between people is an equally important area of research in the psychology of appearance [6].…”

“…The question of what psychological parameters of marital relations are the most important in the process of constructing a visual image of a partner remains open today [7]. At the same time, there are studies indicating that relationships within a married couple can have a significant impact on how spouses perceive each other's appearance [6,[8][9][10]. It is known that lovers see each other "in rose-colored glasses", attribute to each other the characteristics of their appearance, emphasizing beauty and attractiveness, even if they are not.…”