The Contextual Role of Alcohol Outlet Density in College Drinking

E-cigarette Availability and Promotion Among Retail Outlets Near College Campuses in Two Southeastern States

“…We adapted sampling methodologies used in measuring outlet density around college campuses (Scribner et al, 2008), as well as retail tobacco assessments (Henriksen et al, 2008;Wakefield et al, 2002). Using GIS software (ESRI, 2012), retailers were geocoded, and 1-, 2-, and 5-mile radii were drawn around campus perimeters.…”

Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Etiology of Alcohol Use Among Urban Adolescents

“…The hypothesized structural model (Figure 1) was founded on substantive theory (Flay and Petraitis, 1994;Wagenaar and Perry, 1994) and previous research (Tobler et al, 2009b). We hypothesized that each neighborhood contextual construct at baseline (6th grade) would show direct, positive associations with alcohol use at 12th grade, whereas neighborhood and school strength would have a direct, negative association (Boardman and Saint-Onge, 2005;Pasch et al, 2007;Paschall et al, 2007;Scribner et al, 2007). Additionally, correlations among each were expected.…”

A Systems Approach to College Drinking: Development of a Deterministic Model for Testing Alcohol Control Policies

“…These processes defi ned our rate parameters and included the following: (1) individual characteristics associated with changes in drinking behavior (Baer et al, 1995;Reis and Riley, 2000;Wechsler et al, 1995), (2) social interactions that result in changes in drinking behavior (McCabe et al, 2005;Thombs et al, 1997), and (3) social norms that affect drinking behavior (Perkins et al, 1999(Perkins et al, , 2005. Our model also included campus wetness as a moderator of these processes (Scribner et al, 2008;Wechsler and Nelson, 2008;Wechsler et al, 2000b;Weitzman et al, 2003b). The wetness parameter permitted the modeling of community-level interventions targeting the physical and social availability of alcohol.…”

“…Attempts to understand and characterize the college community and its dynamics offer the potential to aid in policy decisions and reduce the problems that arise from alcohol use. In this article, we introduce a mathematical model that treats the college community as a system where levels of drinking vary over time not only as a result of student characteristics (Weitzman et al, 2003b), social interactions (Harford et al, 2002;Reifman et al, 2006), and social norms (Borsari and Carey, 2001;Perkins et al, 1999) but also because of external factors related to the "wetness" of a particular campus (Harford et al, 2002;Scribner et al, 2008;Wechsler and Nelson, 2008;Weitzman et al, 2003a). System models have been developed for analyzing drug use in other areas, including tobacco (Levy et al, 2001(Levy et al, , 2002Tengs et al, 2004), alcohol (Gorman et al, 2006), cocaine (Caulkins et al, 2004;Everingham and Rydell, 1994;Homer, 1993;Rydell et al, 1996), and heroin (Caulkins et al, 2007).…”

“…However, recent criticism of multilevel, observational research attempting to demonstrate a causal role for community-level constructs (Messer, 2007;Oakes, 2004), which are directly comparable to campus community environmental constructs (Scribner et al, 2008), has resulted in new appreciation for systems approaches (Auchincloss and Diez Roux, 2008;Diez Roux, 2007). In the case of college drinking, observational research on the effects of campus-level constructs like campus wetness may be structurally confounded because of the nonequivalence of students across college campus environments.…”