The contiguous domains of Arctic Ocean advection: Trails of life and death

Wassmann, Paul; Kosobokova, Ksenia; Slagstad, Dag; Drinkwater, Kenneth F.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Moore, Sue E.; Ellingsen, Ingrid; Nelson, R. John; Carmack, Eddy C.; Popova, Ekaterina; Berge, Jørgen

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.011

Cited by 155 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…The advection of zooplankton biomass through the Atlantic gateways is 2-3 times higher than through the Pacific gateway, a difference that is driven by the large volume of inflows from the Atlantic (Wassmann et al, 2015).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…On the eastern Bering Sea shelf, flows are weaker in the mean and are less persistent in direction (Danielson et al, 2012b). Nevertheless, considerable zooplankton biomass is transported north in Bering Shelf Water around St. Lawrence Island into the Chukchi Sea (Springer et al, 1989;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Hopcroft et al, 2010;Wassmann et al, 2015; Figs. 1 and 2).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zooplankton are advected into the Arctic Ocean through eastern Fram Strait north of Svalbard and around the Yermak Plateau, through the northern Kara Sea region via the eastern St. Anna Trough, and through Bering Strait following three main pathways across the Chukchi shelf (Wassmann et al, 2015). An allochthonous assemblage of mostly Atlantic zooplankton species dominates the zooplankton in the Amundsen and Nansen basins and zooplankton biomass is highest in the core of the Atlantic inflow along the Eurasian continental margin Hirche, 2000, 2009;Hirche and Kosobokova, 2007;Kosobokova et al, 2011).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An allochthonous assemblage of mostly Atlantic zooplankton species dominates the zooplankton in the Amundsen and Nansen basins and zooplankton biomass is highest in the core of the Atlantic inflow along the Eurasian continental margin Hirche, 2000, 2009;Hirche and Kosobokova, 2007;Kosobokova et al, 2011). The biomass and proportion of Atlantic species decreases rapidly towards the interior shelf seas and the central basins Hirche, 2000, 2009;Wassmann et al, 2015). Pacific expatriates are largely restricted to the Canada and Makarov Basins (Kosobokova and Hirche, 2000;Nelson et al, 2009).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the Atlantic C. finmarchicus can be transported as far as the Makarov Basin, but not to the Canada Basin (Kosobokova and Hirche, 2009;Kosobokova et al, 2011). It is unlikely that boreal zooplankton species are able to reproduce on the Arctic shelf due to the low water temperatures and the short growing season (Jaschnov, 1970;Tande et al, 1985;Slagstad et al, 2011;Wassmann et al, 2015). Whether boreal species like C. finmarchicus can complete their life cycle in the Arctic Ocean is still unknown (Wassmann et al, 2015).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans

et al. 2016

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The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems.

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Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

Lee

Matrai

Friedrichs

et al. 2016

J. Geophys. Res. Oceans

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The relative skill of 21 regional and global biogeochemical models was assessed in terms of how well the models reproduced observed net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental variables such as nitrate concentration (NO3), mixed layer depth (MLD), euphotic layer depth (Zeu), and sea ice concentration, by comparing results against a newly updated, quality‐controlled in situ NPP database for the Arctic Ocean (1959–2011). The models broadly captured the spatial features of integrated NPP (iNPP) on a pan‐Arctic scale. Most models underestimated iNPP by varying degrees in spite of overestimating surface NO3, MLD, and Zeu throughout the regions. Among the models, iNPP exhibited little difference over sea ice condition (ice‐free versus ice‐influenced) and bottom depth (shelf versus deep ocean). The models performed relatively well for the most recent decade and toward the end of Arctic summer. In the Barents and Greenland Seas, regional model skill of surface NO3 was best associated with how well MLD was reproduced. Regionally, iNPP was relatively well simulated in the Beaufort Sea and the central Arctic Basin, where in situ NPP is low and nutrients are mostly depleted. Models performed less well at simulating iNPP in the Greenland and Chukchi Seas, despite the higher model skill in MLD and sea ice concentration, respectively. iNPP model skill was constrained by different factors in different Arctic Ocean regions. Our study suggests that better parameterization of biological and ecological microbial rates (phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing) are needed for improved Arctic Ocean biogeochemical modeling.

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The contiguous domains of Arctic Ocean advection: Trails of life and death

Cited by 155 publications

References 177 publications

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans

Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

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