The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use

Lee, Che-Fu; Su, Yang; Hazard, Barbara P.

doi:10.1023/a:1022872614097

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, longitudinal studies have identified high risk perception as a deterrent to smoking (Brynin, 1999). Analogous findings have been reported for use of alcohol (Gullone & Moore, 2000; Lundborg, & Lindgren, 2002; Wild, Hinson, & Cunningham, 2001) and marijuana (Hemmelstein, 1995; Lee, Su, & Hazard, 1998). Risk perception has also been associated with degree of use as well: Heavy smokers reported significantly lower perceived risk of smoking than did occasional smokers, and heavy marijuana users perceived lower risk than occasional users (Resnicow, Smith, Harrison, & Drucker, 1999).…”

Section: Key Findings: Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making

Reyna

Farley

2006

Psychol Sci Public Interest

976

347

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Crime, smoking, drug use, alcoholism, reckless driving, and many other unhealthy patterns of behavior that play out over a lifetime often debut during adolescence. Avoiding risks or buying time can set a different lifetime pattern. Changing unhealthy behaviors in adolescence would have a broad impact on society, reducing the burdens of disease, injury, human suffering, and associated economic costs. Any program designed to prevent or change such risky behaviors should be founded on a clear idea of what is normative (what behaviors, ideally, should the program foster?), descriptive (how are adolescents making decisions in the absence of the program?), and prescriptive (which practices can realistically move adolescent decisions closer to the normative ideal?). Normatively, decision processes should be evaluated for coherence (is the thinking process nonsensical, illogical, or self-contradictory?) and correspondence (are the outcomes of the decisions positive?). Behaviors that promote positive physical and mental health outcomes in modern society can be at odds with those selected for by evolution (e.g., early procreation). Healthy behaviors may also conflict with a decision maker's goals. Adolescents' goals are more likely to maximize immediate pleasure, and strict decision analysis implies that many kinds of unhealthy behavior, such as drinking and drug use, could be deemed rational. However, based on data showing developmental changes in goals, it is important for policy to promote positive long-term outcomes rather than adolescents' short-term goals. Developmental data also suggest that greater risk aversion is generally adaptive, and that decision processes that support this aversion are more advanced than those that support risk taking. A key question is whether adolescents are developmentally competent to make decisions about risks. In principle, barring temptations with high rewards and individual differences that reduce self-control (i.e., under ideal conditions), adolescents are capable of rational decision making to achieve their goals. In practice, much depends on the particular situation in which a decision is made. In the heat of passion, in the presence of peers, on the spur of the moment, in unfamiliar situations, when trading off risks and benefits favors bad long-term outcomes, and when behavioral inhibition is required for good outcomes, adolescents are likely to reason more poorly than adults do. Brain maturation in adolescence is incomplete. Impulsivity, sensation seeking, thrill seeking, depression, and other individual differences also contribute to risk taking that resists standard risk-reduction interventions, although some conditions such as depression can be effectively treated with other approaches. Major explanatory models of risky decision making can be roughly divided into (a) those, including health-belief models and the theory of planned behavior, that adhere to a "rational" behavioral decision-making framework that stresses deliberate, quantitative trading off of risks and benefits...

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Section: Key Findings: Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making

Reyna

Farley

2006

Psychol Sci Public Interest

976

347

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…gender (males are more drug-positive and drug-using than females), sensation-seeking, general risk-willingness, leisure orientation (involvement in the clubscene, for instance), etc. (Danseco et al, 1999; Lee et al, 1998; Pedersen, 1991; Svensson, 2003; Warner et al, 2008).…”

Section: Attitudes Experiences and Friendshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dangers and pleasures: Drug attitudes and experiences among young people

Järvinen

Østergaard

2011

Acta Sociologica

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This is a study of young people's conceptions of illegal drug use as dangerous and/or pleasurable and an analysis of the relationship between attitudes to drugs, drinking, friends' reported drug use and own experience with drug use and drinking. The article applies a mixed methods approach using both survey data and focus group interviews. The main statistical method is Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), which constructs a social space of young people's attitudes to drugs and drug experiences relationally. We identify four interrelated positions on illegal drug use among 17 to 19-year-old Danes: the anti-drug position, usually held by youths who do not use illegal drugs and do not have drug-using friends; the ambivalent position, occupied by non-users who report that they have drug-using friends; the transitory position, held by cannabis users, some of whom express positive attitudes to 'hard' illegal drugs; and, finally, the pro-drug position, characteristic of drug users with low risk perceptions and high pleasureorientation. We use the focus group interviews to demonstrate how youths occupying these differing positions argue for and against drugs and which risks and pleasures they associate with drug use.

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“…Although the type of interview data collected does not enable the proportion of dissatisfactory outcomes to satisfactory ones to be determined, members of the group frequently referred to past occasions when drug use had resulted in unpleasant and dissatisfactory experiences. This would suggest that dissatisfaction is not an uncommon or unlikely outcome of drug use but accepted as an inevitable and unavoidable risk of consumption (Kalichman et al, 1996;Schmid, 1998;Lee et al, 1998).…”

Section: General Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer behaviour in an unregulated market: the satisfactions and dissatisfactions of illicit drug consumption

Fitchett

Smith

2002

J of Consumer Behaviour

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is a lecturer in Marketing at the University of Stirling. His research is oriented to product choice behaviour and aspects of consumer retailing, often focused on products that are ingested. He has worked on a number of publicly funded and privately funded research projects and has published widely. AbstractHere the case of recreational drug consumption by youths in the West of Scotland is applied to evaluate some prevailing models of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (CS/D). The findings suggest dissatisfactory and satisfactory outcomes do not always result in the types of future consumption behaviours proposed by some models of consumer CS/D. Although, as some models of CS/D suggest, satisfactory experiences tended to reinforce the desire to repeat consumption, when consumption was dissatisfactory, users tended to employ several strategies to justify further use. Whereas users attributed positive or pleasurable experiences to the narcotic effect of the substances consumed, dissatisfactory outcomes were attributed to other factors. Users develop sophisticated responses to dissatisfaction, such as deferment and denial. The findings have important implications for some theories and models of CS/D for consumer expectation: in particular, the effect of dissatisfactory experiences on future consumption intentions.

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The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making

Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making

Dangers and pleasures: Drug attitudes and experiences among young people

Consumer behaviour in an unregulated market: the satisfactions and dissatisfactions of illicit drug consumption

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