The Continued Emergence of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An Update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System

Butler, Jay C.; Hofman, Jagoda; Cetron, Martín S.; Elliott, John A.; Facklam, Richard R.; Breiman, Robert F.

doi:10.1093/infdis/174.5.986

Cited by 319 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…6. CDC surveys are reported in Spika et al (1991), Breiman et al (1994), Butler et al (1996), andCDC (1999a;1999b). Surveys directed by the university-based researchers Gary Doern and Angela Brueggemann are reported in Doern et al (1996a;.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For modeling purposes, we assume that the PRP data presented above give an accurate indication of trends in resistance by pneumococci to betalactams generally. In fact, the available evidence suggests that pneumococcal resistance to cephalosporins tends to move in parallel with resistance to penicillin (Butler et al 1996;Doern et al 1999;Fenoll et al 1998;Marton 1992;Lee et al 1995;Song et al 1999). Although the PRP data are specific to penicillin, it must be recognized that all beta-lactams, and not only penicillin, are capable of encouraging the spread of the sort of resistance genes that can inactivate penicillin.…”

Section: Data On Beta-lactam Antibiotic Usementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance

Homer¹,

Ritchie‐Dunham²,

Rabbino³

et al. 2000

System Dynamics Review

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Many common bacterial pathogens have become increasingly resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. The evidence suggests that the essential cause of the problem is the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics, a practice that encourages the proliferation of resistant mutant strains of bacteria while suppressing the susceptible strains. However, it is not clear to what extent antibiotic use must be reduced to avoid or reverse an epidemic of antibiotic resistance, and how early the interventions must be made to be effective. To investigate these questions, we have developed a small system dynamics model that portrays changes over a period of years to three subsets of a bacterial population— antibiotic‐susceptible, intermediately resistant, and highly resistant. The details and continuing refinement of this model are based on a case study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. The paper presents the model's structure and behavior and identifies open questions for future work. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data On Beta-lactam Antibiotic Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance

Homer¹,

Ritchie‐Dunham²,

Rabbino³

et al. 2000

System Dynamics Review

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“…Approximately 10 -15% of S. pneumonia isolates are resistant to macrolides in vitro, so that caution is necessary when these agents are used empirically in suspected cases of P. pneumonia. 24 Of the three macrolides, azithromycin is most active in vitro against legionella species, H. influenzae and M. pneumoniae, whereas clarithromycin is the most active against S pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae. A recent multicenter prospective study of patients with CAP showed that use of Erythromycin is a cost effective treatment.…”

Section: Antibiotic Considerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Management

Lai

2008

Aortic Arch Surgery

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Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a serious medical problem affecting mostly the young healthy adults, children and elderly population all over the globe and is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. CAP is the 6th leading cause of death. Millions of people are affected by CAP world over every year from developed to developing countries, most of them needs hospitalized treatment and hence the economic burden on the society is huge. Although diagnostic techniques and antibiotic therapy have improved to a great extent yet optimal management of the disease is still problematic. Lower respiratory tract infection by atypical intracellular pathogens have made the problem of CAP more complicated. This article reviewed the current trends in the evaluation and management of CAP. INTRODUCTIONCommunity acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired in the patients home or in non hospital environment being diagnosed within 48 hours of hospital admission. Despite the availability of various diagnostic methods and potent newer antimicrobial agents and effective vaccines CAP occur throughout the globe and stands as the 6th leading cause of death. The mortality rate in hospitalized patients is 14% and in outpatient population is 1% . The morbidity rate is significantly high, lower respiratory tract infection by atypical intracellular pathogens have made the management of CAP more complicated. 1 The disease affects the people of all age group but is more in healthy young adults, children and elderly. Infection is mostly spread by droplet inhalation and most patients affected are previously well. 2 Cigarette smoking, alcoholism, corticosteroid therapy and immune suppression, all impair mucociliary clearance and predispose to infection.The epidemiology of CAP is not clear, because few population based statistics on the condition alone are available. 3 It is estimated that 4 million American adults suffer from CAP each year imposing a significant economic burden on the society with an annual expenditure of approximately 10 million $. 4 The incidence of CAP requiring hospitalization is estimated to be 258 cases per 100,000 population and 926 cases per 100,000 persons > 65 years of age. 5 The incidence of CAP is highest in winter months. EVALUATION ClinicalClinical presentation depends on the micro-biologic agent and host factors such as age, immune status and other comorbid conditions. A detailed history of exposure, travel, hobbies and past medical history is helpful in suggesting a microbiologic etiology. Severity and presenta-tion of CAP ranges from mild to life threatening, although the symptoms may vary. Symptoms of CAP Commonly Include 6• Difficulty in breathing.• Cough that produces yellow or greenish sputum.• Sharp or stabbing chest pain.• High fever that may be accompanied with sweating, chills and uncontrollable shaking.• Rapid, shallow breathing that is often painful. Physical Examination CAP should be suspected in patients with newly acquired lower respiratory symptoms (cough, sput...

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“…Especially troublesome is the emergence of diverse pathogens that became multi-drug resistant [4][5][6][7], posing a serious threat to global public health. During this same period, few antibiotics of New Chemical Entities (NCEs) have emerged [8], reflecting both the challenges of identifying NCEs and a reduced commitment of antibiotic drug discovery by pharmaceutical companies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An array of Escherichia coli clones over-expressing essential proteins: A new strategy of identifying cellular targets of potent antibacterial compounds

Real

Bailey

2006

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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With the advancement of high throughput screening, it has become easier and faster to discover hit compounds that inhibit proliferation of bacterial cells. However, development in technologies used to identify cellular targets of potent antibacterial inhibitors has lagged behind. Here we describe a novel strategy of target identification for antibacterial inhibitors using an array of Escherichia coli clones each over-expressing one essential protein. In a proof-of-concept study, eight essential genes were cloned into pLex5BA vector under the control of an inducible promoter. Overexpression of target proteins was confirmed. For two clones, one over-expressing FabI and the other over-expressing MurA enzymes, the host cells became 17-fold and 139-fold more resistant to the specific inhibitors triclosan and phosphomycin, respectively, while the susceptibility of other clones towards these inhibitors remained unchanged after induction of gene expression. Target identification via target protein over-expression was demonstrated using both mixed clone and individual clone assay formats.

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The Continued Emergence of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An Update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System

Cited by 319 publications

References 45 publications

Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance

Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance

Evaluation and Management

An array of Escherichia coli clones over-expressing essential proteins: A new strategy of identifying cellular targets of potent antibacterial compounds

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