The contribution of CO₂emissions to environmental stress in the Middle East: challenges and potential solutions

Satellite derived trends and variability of CO2 concentrations in the Middle East during 2014–2023

“…The total CO 2 emissions in the UAE varied from ~190 Mt to ~220 Mt during 2015-2022. As far as the main contributions are concerned, roughly 87%-92% of the emissions come from the energy, manufacturing and construction and transportation sectors, as also noted by Sengul et al (2009) and Farahat (2016). The drop from 2016 to 2018 is associated with reduced emissions from the manufacturing and construction sectors, which is attributed to decreased investments in light of a fall in oil prices, followed by a rebound in 2018-2019 (Globaldata, 2019).…”

“…In fact, the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON; Wunch et al, 2011a), a network of, at the time of writing, 28 ground stations which measure the column abundances of greenhouse gasses including CO, CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O (Liang et al, 2017), does not have any station in the Middle East. In this region, the main human sources of CO 2 are electricity, water desalination, transportation, and industry, with oil well fires, agriculture and landfills playing a role as well (Koerner and Klopatek, 2002;Sengul et al, 2009;Farahat, 2016).…”

An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region

“…The increasing demand for water and electricity coupled with the rising industrial sector 182 contribute to increased CO2 emissions and intensify the effects of climate change 183 (Sengul et al 2009). The region has high population centers located in coastal areas.…”

“…Hence, any changes in climate that result in a rise in sea level are expected to have 185 significant effects (Sengul et al 2009). This shows that the increase of GHG emissions 186 in MENA has serious implications for the livelihoods of its inhabitants.…”