The Contribution of Engine Oil to Particulate Exhaust Emissions from Light-Duty, Diesel-Powered Vehicles

Hilden, David L.; Mayer, William J.

doi:10.4271/841395

Cited by 43 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…This possibly correlates with incomplete combustion of the lubricating oil and the anti-abrasion addition agent. Hilden et al [17] showed that the incomplete lubricating oil represented about 25% of particles emitted from diesel engine in terms of mass concentration. Figure 7(a) and (b) show the effects of engine load and speed on the exhaust particle geometric number mean diameters in the accumulation mode (DGNs acc ) of the DME and diesel engines.…”

Section: Engineering Thermophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine

Huang

Wang

et al. 2008

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Measurements of exhaust particle number concentration and size distribution from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine at different engine loads and speeds were carried out by using a two-stage dilution system and an SMPS. The results of the DME engine were compared with those of the original diesel engine. The fuel composition had significant effects on the exhaust particle size distribution, the total exhaust particle number and mass concentrations. Compared with those of the DME engine, the particle mass emissions of the diesel engine increased 5.7-17.7 times. At high engine speed (n=2200 r/min), compared with those of the DME engine, the total particle number emissions of the diesel engine increased 0.75-2.2 times, while the total particle number emissions of the diesel engine decreased by about 50%-80% for middle and high loads at middle engine speed (n=1400 r/min). Compared with those of the DME engine, the total exhaust particle number concentrations in the accumulation mode of the diesel engine increased 4.2-62.6 times and the exhaust particle geometric number mean diameters in the accumulation mode increased by about 10-30 nm. This correlated with higher oxygen level and lack of C-C bonds in DME. A lot of nucleation mode particles were emitted from the DME engine, this correlated with the processes of nucleation and condensation of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds in the exhaust gas.dimethyl ether, diesel engine, ultrafine particle, number concentration, size distribution Diesel engines were widely used in many fields, such as transportation and engineering, while the wide use of those engines brought heavy problems, such as environmental pollution and health hazards. Some studies showed that a lot of ultrafine particles (Diameter, D p <100 nm) were emitted from the diesel engine, and the exhaust particle number concentration was 10 7 -10 9 particles/cm 3 [1,2] . Ultrafine particles of different sizes are able to penetrate deep into different sections of the respiratory system. The finer the particle is, the deeper it penetrates into lungs, thus causing severe respiratory inflammation and acute pulmonary toxicity [3,4] . Therefore, emission of ultrafine particles form diesel engines has been wildly concerned. Thus, the number concentration, together with the size distribution of diesel engine exhaust ultrafine particles, needs better assessment in terms of their potential ambient and health effects.A great number of investigations on ultrafine particles from diesel engines were carried out, the results indicating that the typical particle size distribution of diesel particles shows bimodal and lognormal in form with a nucleation mode (D p <50 nm) and an accumulation mode (D p >50 nm).The nucleation mode particles represent over 90% of particles emitted from diesel engines in terms of number concentration, and the less numerous but much heavier particles in the accumulation mode dominate mass concentration [5][6][7][8] . It is well known that diesel engine particle and gas mass emissions have been

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Section: Engineering Thermophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine

Huang

Wang

et al. 2008

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…As it was discussed in the introduction, Mayer et al (1980) developed a technique based on 14 C labeling of the lubrication oil, where isotopic measurements were made by a decay counting method to identify the portion of particulate matter derived from lubrication oil. Using the same technique, Hilden and Mayer (1984) published further work on the contribution of engine oil, where they examined the contribution of the oil to the total particulate emissions and to the soluble fraction of the particulate, carried out in a range of light-duty diesel engines and using a range of oil formulations. They identified that the oil contribution was in the range of 7-14% of the total particulate emissions.…”

Section: Isotope Studies Of Soot and Pm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the majority of this article is concerned with the isotopic tracing of carbon. Mayer et al (1980), Hilden and Mayer (1984) Diesel engine 14 C Unspecified PM (bulk) Burley and Rosebrock (1979) Diesel engine 14 C AMS PM (bulk, and non-volatile organic fraction) Buchholz et al (2003), Jones et al (2005) Diesel engine D GC/MS PM (volatile organics/PAH) Buttini and Manni (2001), Lombaert et al (2006), Zielinska et al (2008) Diesel engine Lieb and Roblee Jr. (1970), Homan and Robbins (1986), Sorek et al (1984), Anderson (1985,1986), Schmieder (1985) Premixed flames 13 C Spectroscopic intensity C 2 radical species Ferguson (1955) Combustion bomb 13 C MS Soot, and various gaseous species (CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , etc.) Ferguson (1957), Ferguson and Yokley (1958) Tube reactor and diesel engine Buchholz et al (2004), Eveleigh et al (2016), Buchholz et al (2002) Diesel engine 14 C AMS CO 2 Mack et al (2005aMack et al ( , 2005b Tube reactor Petch et al (1990),…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic Tracers for Combustion Research

Eveleigh

Ladommatos

2016

Combustion Science and Technology

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This review article deals with the use of isotopic tracers in the field of combustion science. A number of researchers have reported the use of isotopic techniques, which have been employed to solve a wide range of combustion problems. Radioactive and stable isotopes have been utilized as tracers, including isotopes of carbon (13 C and 14 C), oxygen (18 O), and deuterium (D). One of the main applications has been to quantitatively determine the propensity of a molecule in a mixture, or specific atom within a molecule, to form pollutant emissions. Tracer studies have also been used for the elucidation of combustion reaction pathways, and kinetic rate constant determination of elementary reactions. A number of analytical techniques have been used for isotope detection; and the merits of some of the different techniques are discussed in the context of combustion research. This article concludes by exploring emerging methods and potential future techniques and applications.

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“…The majority of studies in the literature that track a labelled component in fuel or oil to combustion products, generally utilise the radioactive isotope carbon-14 ( 14 C) [5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Ferguson in 1957, used 13 C labelled propane at high levels of enrichment to track the formation of soot from specific carbon atoms in propane [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the conversion of specific carbon atoms in oleic acid and methyl oleate to particulate matter in a diesel engine and tube reactor

Eveleigh

Ladommatos

Hellier

et al. 2015

Fuel

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h i g h l i g h t sThe 13 C isotope has been used to trace specific carbon atoms during combustion. Two molecules were investigated, the biofuels oleic acid and methyl oleate. The double bonded C in oleic acid forms particulate at about the same rate as the average carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon in methyl oleate and oleic acid does not convert to particulate. a b s t r a c tThe paper is concerned with particulate formation from the fuels oleic acid and methyl oleate. In particular the paper reports, quantitatively, the propensity of individual carbon atoms in these two molecules in being converted to particulate. The conversion of individual carbon atoms to particulate was traced by 'labelling' individual carbon atoms in those two fuel molecules with isotopic carbon-13 ( 13 C) and then measuring how many of the labelled atoms was found in the particulate. This allowed the measuring of the conversion rates of individual fuel carbon atoms to particulate. In the case of oleic acid, three carbon atoms were selected as being particularly relevant to particulate formation, and 13 C labelled. One of the carbon atoms was double bonded to the oxygen atom on the carboxylic acid group; and the other two were part of the oleic acid molecule alkyl chain and double bonded to each other. In the case of the methyl oleate, one carbon atom was 13 C labelled. This was the carbon atom that was double bonded to one of the oxygen atoms of the ester group. Experimental results are presented for particulate matter (PM) formed in a laminar flow tube reactor, and also in a direct injection compression ignition engine. The tube reactor has been used for the pyrolysis of oleic acid and methyl oleate at 1300°C, under oxygen-free conditions and at air-fuel equivalence ratios (k) of 0.1, and 0.2. Samples of PM were also collected from the compression ignition engine at an intermediate engine load. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has been used to determine the relative abundance of 13 C in the initial fuel and in the resulting PM. Significant differences in the relative conversion rates of individual carbon atoms are reported; a negligible contribution to PM from the carbon atom directly bonded to two oxygen atoms was found in both the engine and reactor. The labelling technique used in this paper requires low quantities of 13 C labelled molecules to enrich otherwise unlabelled oleic acid; enrichment is at volumetric concentrations typically less than 0.7% (v/v). In addition, emissions data from the engine and tube reactor, including unburned hydrocarbons, CO, CO 2 , NO x , and PM size and number distributions measured by differential mobility spectrometer, are also presented.

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The Contribution of Engine Oil to Particulate Exhaust Emissions from Light-Duty, Diesel-Powered Vehicles

Cited by 43 publications

References 1 publication

Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine

Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine

Isotopic Tracers for Combustion Research

An investigation into the conversion of specific carbon atoms in oleic acid and methyl oleate to particulate matter in a diesel engine and tube reactor

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