“…Facing profound changes in both demand and supply sides due to the advent of digital age and user-oriented transformation, museums, theaters, and other cultural organization's need necessary changes and/or reforms at the organizational level to address constant changes in the external environment (Bakhshi & Throsby, 2012;Bertacchini & Morando, 2013;Camarero & Garrido, 2008;Greffe, 2011). Despite the diverse forms, these changes and reforms are mainly embodied in three aspects: (1) realigning organizational structure to cater for the new demand of market and society, for example, embracing new departments devoted to marketing and communication functions that were not highlighted before in European museums (Camarero & Garrido, 2008;Tsourvakas et al, 2016); (2) adopting new management approach to improve the overall goals and performance of organizations (Hull & Lio, 2006), for example, the application of Designated Manager's System in Japan's public museums with a view to downsizing government, slashing spending and improving management performance at the beginning of the 21st century (Taniguchi, 2016;Yamamoto, 2003); and (3) establishing new business model to seize opportunities for value creation (Bakhshi & Throsby, 2012), for example, implementing the Virtual Value Chain Business Model by leveraging digitalization based on technological partnership to increase value of cultural heritage for museums, technology developers, and users by the Uffizi Gallery in Florence (Lazzeretti & Sartori, 2016).…”