The contribution of mental health and gender attitudes to intimate partner violence in the context of war and displacement: Evidence from a multi-informant couple survey in Iraq

Goessmann, Katharina; Ibrahim, Hawkar; Saupe, Laura B.; Ismail, Azad Ali; Neuner, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112457

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…To date, the literature on SGBV associated with forced displacement has predominantly focused on specific acts of interpersonal violence such as rape, domestic violence, human trafficking, and early and forced marriage (Hynes and Cardozo, 2000;Keygnaert et al, 2012;Simon-Butler and McSherry, 2018). Furthermore, much research to date has tended to focus on risks of violence during specific stages of migration processes (Goessmann et al, 2019;Jarallah & Baxter, 2019;Vaughan et al, 2015;Wachter et al, 2017;Wirtz et al, 2014). For example, women's experiences of war-related rape have been documented in a great many conflicts, including Civil wars in Liberia (Swiss et al, 1998), Syria (Freedman, 2007;Allsopp, 2017), and the DRC (Christian et al, 2011;Freedman, 2016).…”

Section: Contexts Of Sexual and Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) increases in conflict settings, with pre-existing attitudes supportive of violence against women interacting with war-related psychopathology (Wirtz et al, 2014;World Health Organisation, 2014;Goessmann et al, 2019). Crisis conditions also exacerbate existing hardships which creates opportunities for sex traffickers to profit by exploiting desperation (McAlpine et al, 2016).…”

Section: Sexual and Gender-based Violence During Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural and Symbolic Violence Exacerbates the Risks and Consequences of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence for Forced Migrant Women

et al. 2021

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While much attention is focused on rape as a weapon of war, evidence shows that forced migrant women and girls face increased risks of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) both during and following forced displacement. In this paper, we argue that gendered forms of structural and symbolic violence enable and compound the harms caused by interpersonal SGBV against forced migrant women and girls. These forms of violence are encountered in multiple contexts, including conflict and post-conflict settings, countries of refuge, and following resettlement. This paper illustrates the consequences of resultant cumulative harms for individuals and communities, and highlights the importance of considering these multiple, intersecting harms for policy and practice.

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Section: Contexts Of Sexual and Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sexual and Gender-based Violence During Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Symbolic Violence Exacerbates the Risks and Consequences of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence for Forced Migrant Women

et al. 2021

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“…As mentioned earlier, armed conflicts seem to increase rates of interpersonal violence, including violence against women (Catani, 2010;Stark and Ager, 2011;Wachter et al, 2018). In various post-war and displacement settings, particularly high IPV rates are reported (e.g., Ward, 2002;Annan and Brier, 2010;Clark et al, 2010;Jewkes et al, 2017), including in Iraq (Goessmann et al, 2019). Refugee camps in the war-torn KRI thus provide a suitable environment in which to gather data on IPV exposure and to validate a new instrument for its assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Telephone numbers of emergency and violence prevention hotlines and contacts to local support organizations in and outside of camps were also handed out to participating women. Details on the comprehensive measures taken to protect respondents and staff during and around data collection, including the focus groups, to ensure ethically sound research procedures have been described in previous publications generated from this research project (Ibrahim et al, 2018a(Ibrahim et al, ,b, 2019Goessmann et al, 2019).…”

Section: Procedures and Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The paucity of IPV assessment and instrument development in non-Western contexts and an inadequate variety of items call for a local development and extensive empirical validation of instruments. The comprehensive understanding of IPV globally requires the rigorous investigation of violence in a variety of contexts, including in unstable and violence-affected populations where IPV rates are reportedly high (Stark and Ager, 2011), and where the complexity of the occurrence of IPV may be influenced by several individual and structural factors (Pournaghash-Tehrani, 2011;Jayasundara et al, 2014;Wachter et al, 2018;Goessmann et al, 2019). Local pragmatic approaches are required in order to perform assessments of IPV which adequately reflect the experiences of women within their social environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a Contextually Valid Assessment of Partner Violence: Development and Psycho-Sociometric Evaluation of the Gendered Violence in Partnerships Scale (GVPS)

et al. 2021

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This article presents a new measure for intimate partner violence (IPV), the Gendered Violence in Partnerships Scale (GVPS). The scale was developed in the Middle East with the aim to contribute to the global perspective on IPV by providing a contextual assessment tool for partner violence against women in violent-torn settings embedded in a patriarchal social structure. In an effort to generate a scale including IPV items relevant to the women of the population, a pragmatic step-wise procedure, with focus group discussions and expert panels, was performed. The study’s analyses resulted in an 18-item checklist featuring four subscales of the GVPS that are based on a new typology of male-to-female partner violence presenting an alternative to the commonly used classification by type of abuse (i.e., physical, psychological, sexual acts). Therein, dominating behaviors, existential threats, impulsive aggression, and aggravated physical assault were identified as reflective of the lived realities of women in the war-torn Middle East, which was confirmed in factor analysis. The scale’s psychometric properties were assessed with data from 1,009 displaced women in Iraq, and associations with measures of psychopathology were determined. Implications for IPV assessment and prevention possibilities in humanitarian contexts and beyond are discussed.

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Association of War-Related and Gender-Based Violence With Mental Health States of Yazidi Women

2020

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IMPORTANCE Yazidi women in northern Iraq have experienced severe human rights violations through attacks by the so-called Islamic State group, with severe consequences for their health. However, no studies to date have investigated how war-related and gender-based violence, including partner violence, are associated with mental health disorders in this population. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between Yazidi women's experiences of violence (ie, war violence, partner violence, enslavement) and their mental health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study of 326 women was conducted in camps for displaced persons in the Kurdistan region of Iraq between January and July 2017. Participants were married women from the Yazidi population in northern Iraq who were affected by Islamic State attacks. Participants were selected via household-randomized sampling. Data analysis was conducted from December 2018 to September 2019. EXPOSURES Experiences of enslavement, war-related events, and intimate partner violence were measured with event checklists. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression levels were measured using culturally validated instruments. RESULTS A total of 326 women (mean [SD] age, 34.3 [12.9] years) participated in the study. Almost all participants reported the experience of at least 1 war-related violent event (325 [99.7%]), 54 (16.6%) reported a history of abduction and sexual slavery, and 215 (66.0%) reported the experience of at least 1 type of intimate partner violence in the past year. There were no significant differences between women who did and did not experience abduction regarding exposure to intimate partner violence. Rates of PTSD and depression symptoms were high among the whole sample, and women who experienced abduction reported significantly higher levels of psychopathology than those who did not (mean [SD] PTSD score: 61.48 [12.38] vs 47.

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The contribution of mental health and gender attitudes to intimate partner violence in the context of war and displacement: Evidence from a multi-informant couple survey in Iraq

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Structural and Symbolic Violence Exacerbates the Risks and Consequences of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence for Forced Migrant Women

Structural and Symbolic Violence Exacerbates the Risks and Consequences of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence for Forced Migrant Women

Toward a Contextually Valid Assessment of Partner Violence: Development and Psycho-Sociometric Evaluation of the Gendered Violence in Partnerships Scale (GVPS)

Association of War-Related and Gender-Based Violence With Mental Health States of Yazidi Women

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