“…Previous research studies showed that RSE increases as RTE increases in accordance with the SCCT theory (Lent et al, 1994). The environmental effect can stimulate students to develop RSE (Bieschke, et al, 1996;Eke andHayward, 2012, Gaoat et al, 2023;Gelso, et al, 2013;Khan & Scott, 1997;Livinƫi et al, 2021;Suna & Kemer, 2022), whereby RSE resulted in learning engagement and RE (Eginli & Dikilitas, 2022;Hall, 2010;Heng et al, 2020;Jorgenen & Ducan, 2015;Salgueira et al, 2012;Pachler et al, 2019;Wu et al, 2020). RTE serves RI, a tendency for students to conduct research after graduation, including conducting research to develop the field, conducting research for career advancement, and conducting social research (Burke & Prieto, 2019;Livinƫi et al, 2021;Snelgrove & James, 2010).…”