The contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation

Turrini, D.; Miguel, Yamila; Zingalès, Tiziano; Piccialli, Arianna; Helled, Ravit; Vazan, Allona; D’Aversa, E.; Sindoni, G.; Panić, Olja; Leconte, Jérémy; Min, M.; Pirani, Simona; Selsis, Franck; Foresto, V. Coudé du; Mura, A.; Wolkenberg, P.

doi:10.1007/s10686-017-9570-1

Cited by 27 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Future studies on the thermal and chemical evolution of magma oceans in the solar and extrasolar systems can benefit from our comprehensive model analysis of the numerous factors that influence it. In return, our model will benefit from future observations of albedo on exoplanets close to the compositional distinction at low P H2O OLR limit and spectral properties of permanent magma ocean planets expected from future missions such as ARIEL (Turrini et al 2018) and PLATO (Rauer et al 2014) [stellar age constraints].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?

Nikolaou

Katyal

Tosi

et al. 2019

ApJ

141

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The magma ocean (MO) is a crucial stage in the build-up of terrestrial planets. Its solidification and the accompanying outgassing of volatiles set the conditions for important processes occurring later or even simultaneously, such as solid-state mantle convection and atmospheric escape. To constrain the duration of a global-scale Earth MO we have built and applied a 1D interior model coupled alternatively with a grey H 2 O/CO 2 atmosphere or with a pure H 2 O atmosphere treated with a line-by-line model described in a companion paper by Katyal et al. (2019). We study in detail the effects of several factors affecting the MO lifetime, such as the initial abundance of H 2 O and CO 2 , the convection regime, the viscosity, the mantle melting temperature, and the longwave radiation absorption from the atmosphere. In this specifically multi-variable system we assess the impact of each factor with respect to a reference setting commonly assumed in the literature. We find that the MO stage can last from a few thousand to several million years. By coupling the interior model with the line-by-line atmosphere model, we identify the conditions that determine whether the planet experiences a transient magma ocean or it ceases to cool and maintains a continuous magma ocean. We find a dependence of this distinction simultaneously on the mass of the outgassed H 2 O atmosphere and on the MO surface melting temperature. We discuss their combined impact on the MO's lifetime in addition to the known dependence on albedo, orbital distance and stellar luminosity and we note observational degeneracies that arise thereby for target exoplanets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?

Nikolaou

Katyal

Tosi

et al. 2019

ApJ

141

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“…The Solar System offers us examples of rocky/icy planets and gas-rich planets but not of transitional planets, for which we need to look to exoplanets. Figure from Turrini et al [234] classification based on assumptions about their nature. The three categories shown in Fig.…”

Section: Planetary Classes and Arielmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Luckily, migration delivers a good fraction of them closer to the star and makes them optimal targets for ARIEL for two main reasons: the chance they transit increases and the hot temperature makes the atmospheric signals more detectable on top of being more representative of the planet interior. Figure from Turrini et al [234] 235] and references therein). Due to its widespread prevalence and its capability to create "hot" planets, i.e.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experience derived from the study of the Solar System tells us that the additional information needed to solve the puzzle posed by the history of a planetary system and of its planets is compositional in nature [108,189,236]. Migration and, more generally, the formation and dynamical history of a giant planet, affect the composition in different ways [99,150,234,235]. It affects the bulk elemental composition of the gaseous envelope by making it capture gas and solids from different regions of the circumstellar disk with different ratios between the condensate and gaseous phases for the most abundant elements like C and O (see Figs.…”

Section: Formation-evolution Of Gas-rich Planets and Arielmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

et al. 2018

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Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet's birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25-7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and welldefined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phasecurve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10-100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 NH 3 , HCN, H 2 S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performedusing conservative estimates of mission performance and a

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“…The capability of comparing the relative violence of the dynamical history of planetary systems would provide important insights into how planetary systems form and evolve and would prove critical to link the composition of planets to their formation history (e.g., Madhusudhan et al 2016;Turrini et al 2018), particularly in view of the future observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (e.g., Cowan et al 2015) and the space mission ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, Tinetti et al 2018;Turrini et al 2018) of the European Space Agency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalized angular momentum deficit: a tool for comparing the violence of the dynamical histories of planetary systems

Turrini

Zinzi

Belinchón

2020

A&A

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Context. Population studies of the orbital characteristics of exoplanets in multi-planet systems have highlighted the existence of an anticorrelation between the average orbital eccentricity of planets and the number of planets of their host system, that is, its multiplicity. This effect was proposed to reflect the varying levels of violence in the dynamical evolution of planetary systems. Aims. Previous work suggested that the relative violence of the dynamical evolution of planetary systems with similar orbital architectures can be compared through the computation of their angular momentum deficit (AMD). We investigated the possibility of using a more general metric to perform analogous comparisons between planetary systems with different orbital architectures. Methods. We considered a modified version of the AMD, the normalized angular momentum deficit (NAMD), and used it to study a sample of 99 multi-planet systems containing both the currently best-characterized extrasolar systems and the solar system, that is, planetary systems with both compact and wide orbital architectures. Results. We verified that the NAMD allows us to compare the violence of the dynamical histories of multi-planet systems with different orbital architectures. We identified an anticorrelation between the NAMD and the multiplicity of the planetary systems, of which the previously observed eccentricity-multiplicity anticorrelation is a reflection. Conclusions. Our results seem to indicate that phases of dynamical instabilities and chaotic evolution are not uncommon among planetary systems. They also suggest that the efficiency of the planetary formation process in producing high-multiplicity systems is likely to be higher than that suggested by their currently known population.

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The contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation

Cited by 27 publications

References 45 publications

What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?

What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?

A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

Normalized angular momentum deficit: a tool for comparing the violence of the dynamical histories of planetary systems

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