The contributions of hereditary and environmental factors to individual differences.

Who withdraws? Psychological individual differences and employee withdrawal behaviors.

“…We define psychological individual differences as psychological characteristics of individuals that consistently and/or systematically vary across people (Wanous, 1974), such as personality, affectivity, and general mental ability. Although the study of these constructs originated from the field of differential psychology (Tyler, 1965), other scholars and practitioners quickly identified these individual characteristics as useful in predicting and explaining many work-related behaviors, including employee withdrawal. Research on dispositional roots of withdrawal behaviors has existed for decades, resulting in a few meta-analytic studies indicating that certain individual differences are significantly related to lateness or absenteeism (Ones, Viswesvaran, & Schmidt, 2003; Salgado, 2002) and turnover (Zimmerman, 2008).…”