The control of biofilm formation by hydrodynamics of purified water in industrial distribution system

Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety

“…According to Mittelman (1998), the making of a mature biofilm may take several hours to several weeks, depending on the system under development. For example, in an experiment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a common biofilm former on medical devices, it has been established that attachment to stainless steel took place within 30 s of exposure; in an industrial water simulation experiment in a biofilm annular reactor, the colony forming units (CFUs) within the biofilm increased approximately 5‐fold, from 420 to 2123 CFU/15 cm 2 , as the incubation time was prolonged from 24 to 96 h (Florjanic and Kristl 2011). More importantly, in dairy equipment biofilms, the development is also very rapid (8–12 h) (Scott and others 2007; Bremer and others 2009), with numbers of up to 10 6 bacteria per cm 2 being recorded in the generation section of a pasteurizer after 12 h of operation (Bouman and others 1982; Bremer and others 2009).…”

“…The biological, chemical, and physiological factors that drive detachment are complex and incompletely understood (Chambless and Stewart 2007). Multiple factors are probably associated with attachment and detachment processes, depending on the availability of nutrients or oxygen (Chandy and Angles 2001; Rice and others 2005), shear–stress (Mittelman 1998; Guillemot and others 2006; Lee and others 2008; Florjanic and Kristl 2011), quorum sensing (Rice and others 2005), microbial metabolic activity, and microbial gene expression (Kaplan and others 2003; Kaplan and others 2004). Biofilm detachment has been divided into 3 processes: erosion, abrasion, and sloughing (Garny and others 2008).…”

Success and failure of colloidal approaches in adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces

“…Claude ZoBell in 1943, a marine biologist, first introduced the concept of the bottle effect, whereby the number of free living microorganisms in fresh sea water gradually declines when kept in a glass bottle, whilst the number of attached micro-organisms increases. Yet, it took time, about 30 years, before it was accepted that for microorganisms, both bacteria and fungi, the biofilm mode of life is the rule rather than the exception [5]- [7]. Biofilms develop as result of cells adhesion to a surface that can be either abiotic (like a medical device) or biotic (like another biological tissue, i.e.…”

Resistance of oxidative stress in biofilm and planktonic cells

“…In the extreme cases, this leads to the need for removing the infected implant, which complicates the patient's process of recovery and results in generating additional costs of the treatment. The formation of hard removable microbial biofilm is not confined to the implant surface (Barbeau et al 1998;Tenke et al 2006;Lee et al 2011), but should be regarded as a serious problem in other cases as the water distribution systems, cooling systems, as it can reduce the performance and functionality of such systems (Williams and Braun-Howland 2003;Chen and Chang 2010;Florjanic and Kristl 2011;Wingender and Flemming 2011;Marangoni et al 2013). Therefore, it seems to be important to understand the processes that govern the physiology of bacterial biofilm formation and its development.…”