The control of N-DBP and C-DBP precursors with MIEX®

MIEX® treatment of an effluent‐impacted stream

“…In the upstream water, the MIEX process did not significantly reduce or contribute to NDMAFP ( Figure 5, part D). Results in upstream surface water were in good agreement with previous findings in other drinking waters that have been tested (Gan et al, 2013). Given that the appreciable increase occurred during the treatment of effluent-impacted water instead of upstream water or DDI, the phenomenon is more likely is related to the contact of the resin with effluent.…”

“…Given that the appreciable increase occurred during the treatment of effluent-impacted water instead of upstream water or DDI, the phenomenon is more likely is related to the contact of the resin with effluent. In a separate experiment for mixtures of treated wastewater effluents with a drinking water in the 1:1 ratio, NDMAFP increased from 156-287 to 266-344 ng/L after MIEX treatment (Gan et al, 2013). In that research, the MIEX process did not remove NDMA precursors but resulted in small increases (4-6 ng/L) in NDMAFP.…”

“…In contrast to the FPs of THM, HAA, and HNM, a substantial increase in NDMAFP (57-257 ng/L) was observed in effluent-impacted water samples after MIEX treatment ( Figure 5, part D). According to a control experiment conducted in DDI water by up to 20 successive jar tests (i.e., BV = 2,000), minor increases in the NDMAFP (average 5 ng/L) were observed after exposure to the MIEX resin (Gan et al, 2013). According to a control experiment conducted in DDI water by up to 20 successive jar tests (i.e., BV = 2,000), minor increases in the NDMAFP (average 5 ng/L) were observed after exposure to the MIEX resin (Gan et al, 2013).…”

The control of emerging haloacetamide DBP precursors with UV/persulfate treatment

“…An effective strategy to control the formation of DBPs is to remove their precursors before chlorination disinfection (Bond et al, 2011;Gan et al, 2013;Krasner et al, 2013). UV is a widely used technology for disinfection and photochemical oxidation of water and wastewater (Li et al, 2012;Poepping et al, 2014).…”

The effect of pre-oxidation on NDMA formation and the influence of pH

“…NDMA can also form during chlorination in the presence of nitrite, especially under acidic conditions (Choi and Valentine, 2003) and during ozonation (Andrzejewski et al, 2008;Oya et al, 2008;Schmidt and Brauch, 2008). The precursors that have been reported to form NDMA upon oxidation include, but are not limited to, dimethylamine (DMA), and tertiary and quaternary amines with a DMA moiety in their molecular structures (Lee et al, 2007;Kemper et al, 2010;Shen and Andrews, 2011;Selbes et al, 2013), such as fungicides, pesticides, herbicides (Graham et al, 1995;Chen and Young, 2008;Schmidt and Brauch, 2008), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (Sacher et al, 2008;Shen and Andrews, 2011), wastewater effluent organic matter (Sedlak et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2009;Shah et al, 2012;Gan et al, 2013), and natural organic matter (NOM) (Gerecke and Sedlak, 2003;Mitch and Sedlak, 2004;Chen and Valentine, 2007;Dotson et al, 2007;Krasner et al, 2008). NDMA formation was also found to increase in the presence of polyelectrolytes and ion-exchange resins (Kimoto et al, 1980;Najm and Trussell, 2001;Kohut and Andrews, 2003;Wilczak et al, 2003;Mitch and Sedlak, 2004;Nawrocki and Andrzejewski, 2011;Gan et al, 2013).…”