2017
DOI: 10.4135/9781071800737
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The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Multiple Identities in Counseling

Abstract: Socioeconomic status (SES) encompasses not just income but also educational attainment, financial security, and subjective perceptions of social status and social class. Socioeconomic status can encompass quality of life attributes as well as the opportunities and privileges afforded to people within society. Poverty, specifically, is not a single factor but rather is characterized by multiple physical and psychosocial stressors. Further, SES is a consistent and reliable predictor of a vast array of outcomes a… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(33 citation statements)
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“…Expressive-dependent information appraisal suggests that the responses of an individual are shaped by similar sociocultural traits and experiences shared by a category of people that set apart one group of people from another, who are embedded within similar geographic environments [ 10 , 13 , 19 ]. Similar sociocultural traits and experiences embedded within comparable geographic environments result in behavioral responses that are shared by a category of people that set apart their group from another [ 28 , 29 ]. These factors within the geographic environments have been implicated to account for differences or associations between individuals from that of a different one [ 30 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Expressive-dependent information appraisal suggests that the responses of an individual are shaped by similar sociocultural traits and experiences shared by a category of people that set apart one group of people from another, who are embedded within similar geographic environments [ 10 , 13 , 19 ]. Similar sociocultural traits and experiences embedded within comparable geographic environments result in behavioral responses that are shared by a category of people that set apart their group from another [ 28 , 29 ]. These factors within the geographic environments have been implicated to account for differences or associations between individuals from that of a different one [ 30 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The experiences encompassing within the child’s environment, which include the sensory events and stimuli, possibly shape their responses consequently. Previous researchers suggested that differences in beliefs, practices, behaviors, culture, parenting practices, physical landscapes, and sociocultural and economic aspects can explain these differences [ 10 , 13 , 19 , 28 - 31 ]. However, the experiences related to the sensory information within a particular geographic environment may be different.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cook, Heppner, and O'Brien (2005) recognized the complexities of understanding race and gender within an organizational structure and stated, "At the individual level, one of the most important but poorly understood variables influencing interactions with the environment is that of race or gender identity" (p. 171). Racial discrimination at work has had deleterious consequences for African American women and has been associated with high levels of psychological strain and low levels of satisfaction (Brown et al, 2000;Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2013;Robinson & Howard-Hamilton, 2000).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the 1990s and 2000s, there was a shift in discussion from racial identity to ethnic identity in social psychological literature. Since race was a social construct based on physiological characteristics and perceived hereditary differences, researchers moved toward investigating ethnicity, which can be described as social groups that are based upon similar cultural, national, and religious tradition (Allport, 1954;Robinson-Wood, 2017). Ethnicity is derived from a shared group image that has a common ancestry, language, and political, social, religious, and economic values (Baruth & Manning, 2016;Evans, Forney, Guido, Patton, & Renn, 2010).…”
Section: Individuals Enter Thementioning
confidence: 99%