The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon

Oliveira, Sandra; Andrade, Henrique; Vaz, Teresa

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034

Cited by 627 publications

(316 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Tree canopies coverage within 1.5 m of the structure can reduce rooftop surface temperatures between 0.64 °C and 0.84 °C. This finding is consistent with earlier UHI research that shows that the pattern of nearby vegetation contributes to lower UHI temperatures [17,18,20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…UHI mitigation via sustainable design of the urban environment has received increasing attention from ecologists, urban planners, and policymakers. Commonly practiced mitigation strategies include but are not limited to: increasing number of parks and coverage of green space near residential areas [17][18][19][20], installing green roofs or other cool roofs built with high-albedo materials [21][22][23][24], using cold pavement materials [25][26][27], and creating better urban design for air flow [28]. The goal of this paper is to use remotely sensed imagery and data processing to evaluate the contribution of residential rooftop properties and nearby vegetation in understanding urban heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rooftop Surface Temperature Analysis in an Urban Residential Environment

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is a significant worldwide problem caused by rapid population growth and associated urbanization. The UHI effect exacerbates heat waves during the summer, increases energy and water consumption, and causes the high risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality. UHI mitigation efforts have increasingly relied on wisely designing the urban residential environment such as using high albedo rooftops, green rooftops, and planting trees and shrubs to provide canopy coverage and shading. Thus, strategically designed residential rooftops and their surrounding landscaping have the potential to translate into significant energy, long-term cost savings, and health benefits. Rooftop albedo, material, color, area, slope, height, aspect and nearby landscaping are factors that potentially contribute. To extract, derive, and analyze these rooftop parameters and outdoor landscaping information, high resolution optical satellite imagery, LIDAR (light detection and ranging) point clouds and thermal imagery are necessary. Using data from the City of Tempe AZ (a 2010 population of 160,000 people), we extracted residential rooftop footprints and rooftop configuration parameters from airborne LIDAR point clouds and QuickBird satellite imagery (2.4 m spatial resolution imagery). Those parameters were analyzed against surface temperature data from the MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER). MASTER images provided fine resolution (7 m) surface temperature data for residential areas during daytime and night time. Utilizing these data, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to evaluate the relationships between residential building OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2015, 7 12136 rooftops and their surface temperature in urban environment. The results showed that daytime rooftop temperature was closely related to rooftop spectral attributes, aspect, slope, and surrounding trees. Night time temperature was only influenced by rooftop spectral attributes and slope.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rooftop Surface Temperature Analysis in an Urban Residential Environment

et al. 2015

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“…Case studies have been used to explore the policy implications of numerous urban issues such as stakeholder reaction to UGI proposals (Baptiste et al, 2015), urban parks and their use (Baur et al, 2013), urban heat effects (Oliveira et al, 2011), and new approaches to urban policy (Shandas et al, 2008). The case studies presented here are intended to begin to move beyond a scientific and technical focus to incorporate knowledge exchange and collaboration with key stakeholders so that a strategic and applied approach to incorporating UGI as an integral part of city planning can be implemented.…”

Section: Link Between Empirical Findings and Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure

Connop

Vandergert

Eisenberg

et al. 2016

Environmental Science & Policy

242

105

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Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure AbstractIf a 'Renaturing of Cities' strategy is to maximise the ecosystem service provision of urban green infrastructure (UGI), then detailed consideration of a habitat services, biodiversity-led approach and multifunctionality are necessary rather than relying on the assumed benefits of UGI per se. The paper presents preliminary data from three case studies, two in England and one in Germany, that explore how multifunctionality can be achieved, the stakeholders required, the usefulness of an experimental approach for demonstrating transformation, and how this can be fed back into policy. We argue that incorporating locally contextualised biodiversity-led UGI design into the planning and policy spheres contributes to the functioning and resilience of the city and provides the adaptability to respond to locally contextualised challenges, such as overheating, flooding, air pollution, health and wellbeing as well as biodiversity loss. Framing our research to encompass both the science of biodiversity-led UGI and co-developing methods for incorporating a strategic approach to implementation of biodiversity-led UGI by planners and developers addresses a gap in current knowledge and begins to address barriers to UGI implementation. By combining scientific with policy learning and defined urban environmental targets with community needs, our research to date has begun to demonstrate how nature-based solutions to building resilience and adaptive governance can be strategically incorporated within cities through UGI. Highlights• Three case studies of novel urban green infrastructure implementation are presented• Effective multifunctional approaches to green infrastructure design demonstrated• That biodiversity should be an intrinsic consideration in design is illustrated• Local context and multi-stakeholder approach to design and management are integral

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“…The 1D RayMan model (Matzarakis et al, 2007 has been extensively employed to estimate MRT, PET, and other thermal comfort indices from fisheye photographs, meteorological, and personal factors (Coutts, White, Tapper, Beringer, & Livesley, 2016;Herrmann & Matzarakis, 2012;Johansson & Emmanuel, 2006;Krüger, Minella, & Rasia, 2011;Lin, 2009;Lin, Matzarakis, & Hwang, 2010;Oliveira, Andrade, & Vaz, 2011;Thorsson, Lindqvist, & Lindqvist, 2004), following equations outlined in the German VDI engineering standards (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, 1994). We automated the Windows GUI using a script that simulates keystrokes to remotely execute the RayMan tool and batch process thousands of georeferenced synthetic fisheyes for a given day and time.…”

Section: Thermal Comfort Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sky View Factors from Synthetic Fisheye Photos for Thermal Comfort Routing—A Case Study in Phoenix, Arizona

Middel

Lukasczyk

Maciejewski

2017

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The Sky View Factor (SVF) is a dimension-reduced representation of urban form and one of the major variables in radiation models that estimate outdoor thermal comfort. Common ways of retrieving SVFs in urban environments include capturing fisheye photographs or creating a digital 3D city or elevation model of the environment. Such techniques have previously been limited due to a lack of imagery or lack of full scale detailed models of urban areas. We developed a web based tool that automatically generates synthetic hemispherical fisheye views from Google Earth at arbitrary spatial resolution and calculates the corresponding SVFs through equiangular projection. SVF results were validated using Google Maps Street View and compared to results from other SVF calculation tools. We generated 5-meter resolution SVF maps for two neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona to illustrate fine-scale variations of intra-urban horizon limitations due to urban form and vegetation. To demonstrate the utility of our synthetic fisheye approach for heat stress applications, we automated a radiation model to generate outdoor thermal comfort maps for Arizona State University's Tempe campus for a hot summer day using synthetic fisheye photos and on-site meteorological data. Model output was tested against mobile transect measurements of the six-directional radiant flux density. Based on the thermal comfort maps, we implemented a pedestrian routing algorithm that is optimized for distance and thermal comfort preferences. Our synthetic fisheye approach can help planners assess urban design and tree planting strategies to maximize thermal comfort outcomes and can support heat hazard mitigation in urban areas.

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The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon

Cited by 627 publications

References 38 publications

Rooftop Surface Temperature Analysis in an Urban Residential Environment

Rooftop Surface Temperature Analysis in an Urban Residential Environment

Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure

Sky View Factors from Synthetic Fisheye Photos for Thermal Comfort Routing—A Case Study in Phoenix, Arizona

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