The corrosion of copper by atmospheric sulphurous gases

Graedel, T. E.; Franey, J. P.; Kammlott, G. W.

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(83)90043-4

Cited by 56 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Therefore, considerable attention will be given in this report to the design and implementation of a well controlled sulfidizing reactor termed the stagnation-flow reactor (see section 4.2 and appendix A). Graedel and co-workers [6,7].…”

Section: Project Objectives and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the goal of previous investigators was to characterize and mitigate any detrimental corrosion effects. Contrary to the corrosion processes that occur on many engineering alloys in which localized attack is prevalent, corrosion of copper has been typically viewed as a "relatively simple" uniform phenomenon [1,[6][7][8][9] (modeled pictorially in figure 3.1) with the following processes proposed by Graedel and co-workers [6,7]:…”

Section: General Copper Sulfidation Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…X-ray diffraction studies performed here and by previous investigators have confirmed that cuprous sulfide (~Cu 2 S) is the primary product formed under these conditions. In Summary, Graedel and co-workers earlier showed that the growth of copper-sulfide films occurs in two distinct stages [6][7][8]. They proposed the chemical and physical processes schematically depicted in figure 3.1 are relevant.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Atmospheric Copper Sulfidation and Evaluation of Parallel Experimentation Techniques

Barbour¹,

Sullivan²,

Campin³

et al. 2002

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A physics-based understanding of material aging mechanisms helps to increase reliability when predicting the lifetime of mechanical and electrical components. This report examines in detail the mechanisms of atmospheric copper sulfidation and evaluates new methods of parallel experimentation for high-throughput corrosion analysis. Often our knowledge of aging mechanisms is limited because coupled chemical reactions and physical processes are involved that depend on complex interactions with the environment and component functionality. Atmospheric corrosion is one of the most complex aging phenomena and it has profound consequences for the nation's economy and safety. Therefore, copper sulfidation was used as a test-case to examine the utility of parallel experimentation. Through the use of parallel and conventional experimentation, we measured: (1) the sulfidation rate as a function of humidity, light, temperature and O 2 concentration; (2) the primary moving species in solid state transport; (3) the diffusivity of Cu vacancies through Cu 2 S; (4) the sulfidation activation energies as a function of relative humidity (RH); (5) the sulfidation induction times at low humidities; and (6) the effect of light on the sulfidation rate. Also, the importance of various sulfidation mechanisms was determined as a function of RH and sulfide thickness. Different models for sulfidation-reactor geometries and the sulfidation reaction process are presented.

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Section: Project Objectives and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Copper Sulfidation Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Atmospheric Copper Sulfidation and Evaluation of Parallel Experimentation Techniques

Barbour¹,

Sullivan²,

Campin³

et al. 2002

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“…10 They proposed that Stage-I was controlled either by a surface reaction or by gas-phase mass transport and Stage-II by diffusion of cuprous ions through the thickening product layer.…”

Section: Constitutive Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Effect of Corrosion on Electrical-Circuit Reliability

Braithwaite¹,

Sorensen²,

Robinson³

et al. 2003

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An analytical capability is being developed that can be used to predict the effect of corrosion on the performance of electrical circuits and systems. The availability of this "toolset" will dramatically improve our ability to influence device and circuit design, address and remediate field occurrences, and determine real limits for circuit service life. In pursuit of this objective, we have defined and adopted an iterative, statistical-based, top-down approach that will permit very formidable and real obstacles related to both the development and use of the toolset to be resolved as effectively as possible. An important component of this approach is the direct incorporation of expert opinion. Some of the complicating factors to be addressed involve the code/model complexity, the existence of large number of possible degradation processes, and an incompatibility between the length scales associated with device dimensions and the corrosion processes. Two of the key aspects of the desired predictive toolset are (1) a direct linkage of an electrical-system performance model with mechanistic-based, deterministic corrosion models, and (2) the explicit incorporation of a computational framework to quantify the effects of non-deterministic parameters (uncertainty). The selected approach and key elements of the toolset are first described in this paper. These descriptions are followed by some examples of how this toolset development process is being implemented.-4 -

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“…Graedel and his collaborators at AT&T (now Lucent Technologies) Bell Laboratories have pioneered the studies of atmospheric copper sulfidation corrosion (see, e.g., Graedel et al 1983, Graedel et al 1985, Graedel et al 1987, Graedel 1996, Tidblad and Graedel 1996 in both experimental investigation and physical or mechanistic model development. The textbook of Leygraf and Graedel (2000) summarizes the research work on atmospheric copper-sulfidation corrosion conducted at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden and at AT&T Bell Laboratories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-dimensional modeling of atmospheric copper-sulfidation corrosion on non-planar substrates.

Chen¹

2004

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This report documents the author's efforts in the deterministic modeling of coppersulfidation corrosion on non-planar substrates such as diodes and electrical connectors. A new framework based on Goma was developed for multi-dimensional modeling of atmospheric copper-sulfidation corrosion on non-planar substrates. In this framework, the moving sulfidation front is explicitly tracked by treating the finite-element mesh as a pseudo solid with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation and repeatedly performing re-meshing using CUBIT and re-mapping using MAPVAR. Three one-dimensional studies were performed for verifying the framework in asymptotic regimes. Limited model validation was also carried out by comparing computed copper-sulfide thickness with experimental data. The framework was first demonstrated in modeling one-dimensional copper sulfidation with charge separation. It was found that both the thickness of the space-charge layers and the electrical potential at the sulfidation surface decrease rapidly as the Cu 2 S layer thickens initially but eventually reach equilibrium values as Cu 2 S layer becomes sufficiently thick; it was also found that electroneutrality is a reasonable approximation and that the electro-migration flux may be estimated by using the equilibrium potential difference between the sulfidation and annihilation surfaces when the Cu 2 S layer is sufficiently thick. The framework was then employed to model copper sulfidation in the solid-state-diffusion controlled regime (i.e. stage II sulfidation) on a prototypical diode until a continuous Cu 2 S film was formed on the diode surface. The framework was also applied to model copper sulfidation on an intermittent electrical contact between a gold-plated copper pin and gold-plated copper pad; the presence of Cu 2 S was found to raise the effective electrical resistance drastically. Lastly, future research needs in modeling atmospheric copper sulfidation are discussed.

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The corrosion of copper by atmospheric sulphurous gases

Cited by 56 publications

References 17 publications

Mechanisms of Atmospheric Copper Sulfidation and Evaluation of Parallel Experimentation Techniques

Mechanisms of Atmospheric Copper Sulfidation and Evaluation of Parallel Experimentation Techniques

A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Effect of Corrosion on Electrical-Circuit Reliability

Multi-dimensional modeling of atmospheric copper-sulfidation corrosion on non-planar substrates.

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