“…This spectrum is close to MSU spectrum [10] as given in [11], it is not very much different from the Akeno data [12] around the knee, and is in a reasonable agreement with Fly's Eye "stereo" results [13] around 10 18 eV. To check the sensitivity at highest energies, calculations with the ankle at 3 EeV have been also performed.…”
A new approach to investigations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays based on the ground-level measurements of the spectra of local density of EAS muons at various zenith angles is considered. Basic features of the local muon density phenomenology are illustrated using a simple semi-analytical model. It is shown that muon density spectra are sensitive to the spectrum slope, primary composition, and to the features of hadronic interaction. New experimental data on muon bundles at zenith angles from 30° to horizon obtained with the coordinate detector DECOR are compared with CORSIKAbased simulations. It is found that measurements of muon density spectra in inclined EAS give possibility to study characteristics of primary cosmic ray flux in a very wide energy range from 10 15 to 10 19 eV.
“…This spectrum is close to MSU spectrum [10] as given in [11], it is not very much different from the Akeno data [12] around the knee, and is in a reasonable agreement with Fly's Eye "stereo" results [13] around 10 18 eV. To check the sensitivity at highest energies, calculations with the ankle at 3 EeV have been also performed.…”
A new approach to investigations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays based on the ground-level measurements of the spectra of local density of EAS muons at various zenith angles is considered. Basic features of the local muon density phenomenology are illustrated using a simple semi-analytical model. It is shown that muon density spectra are sensitive to the spectrum slope, primary composition, and to the features of hadronic interaction. New experimental data on muon bundles at zenith angles from 30° to horizon obtained with the coordinate detector DECOR are compared with CORSIKAbased simulations. It is found that measurements of muon density spectra in inclined EAS give possibility to study characteristics of primary cosmic ray flux in a very wide energy range from 10 15 to 10 19 eV.
“…The energy E[toe] for Fe nuclei is comparable to the maximum observed ones in CRs. There is some evidence [34] for changes of composition above the ankle, compatible with those implied by Fig. 6.…”
Section: "Accelerated Scattering": the "Toes"supporting
“…The spectrum above 10 19 eV is only weakly dependent on φ(z) since proton energy loss limits their propagation distance. For the heavy nuclei component dominating at lower, < 10 19 eV, energy we take the Fly's Eye experimental fit [10], …”
Abstract. The existence of cosmic rays of energies exceeding 10 20 eV is one of the mysteries of high energy astrophysics. The spectrum and the high energy to which it extends rule out almost all suggested source models. The challenges posed by observations to models for the origin of high energy cosmic rays are reviewed, and the implications of recent new experimental results are discussed. Large area high energy cosmic ray detectors and large volume high energy neutrino detectors currently under construction may resolve the high energy cosmic ray puzzle, and shed light on the identity and physics of the most powerful accelerators in the universe.
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