The COSPAR planetary protection policy for missions to Icy Worlds: A review of history, current scientific knowledge, and future directions

Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review

“…85 (D) Thickness map of the suspected ice-rich portions of the Medusae Fossae Formation deposits. 87 then by a high-temperature catalytic reactor in the WPA, with a recovery rate of about 90% in international space station (ISS). 33,44 This means that the current WPA is a partial-closed regeneration system, and new technology and design are urgently needed to turn it into a quasi-closed loop, i.e., achieving the goal of recovering over 98% water and nutrients for long-term space missions.…”

“…The Martian Medusae Fossae Formation, which located in the equatorial region of Mars, the volume of an ice-rich component below a 300-600 m dry cover corresponds to a global equivalent layer of water of ~1.5 to ~2.7 m or ~30%-50% of the total estimated in the North Polar cap. 87 Many other bodies have also been confirmed to be rich in water ice resources, including the Jovian satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, as well as the Saturnian satellites Enceladus and Titan. 88 These bodies are located outside the snow line of the solar system and have low surface temperature, so water exists in the form of ice on the surface of the planet.…”