The cost of a transition to electric vehicles in Africa: A case study of Ghana

Ayetor, Godwin Kafui; Opoku, Richard; Sekyere, Charles Kofi Kafui; Agyei-Agyeman, A.; Deyegbe, G.R.

doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2021.12.018

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…All EVs in Ghana are imported as used vehicles. The tax charges incorporate nine items, namely import duty (20%), value added tax (VAT) (18%), National Health Insurance Levy (NHIL) (3%), the ECOWAS levy (0.5%), Export Development and Investment Fund (EDIF) levy (0.5%), special levy (2%), inspection fee (1%), Ghana Community Network Services (GCNet) tax (0.4%), and withholding tax (1%) ( 29 ). Further, IGADP is the incentive according to the Ghana Automobile Development Plan (this value is considered zero if there is no incentive), Ci is the charging infrastructure cost (this is considered zero where the charging infrastructure is provided by the government), Ec x (or Fc x in the case of ICEVs) is the future cost of energy/fuel during year x , d is the annual distance traveled, and Mx is the maintenance cost under the year in consideration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on this subject ignored the unique challenge of spare parts availability, battery replacement, and their effect on maintenance cost ( 28 ). In their case study, Ayetor et al ( 29 ) considered the TCO of EVs but ignored the issue of maintenance and cost of carbon. Currently, Ghana has only four charging stations, which are all situated in the capital at a fee.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing the Cost per Mile of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Ghana

Ayetor

Dzebre

Mensah

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Reducing ambient air pollution could potentially prevent 1790 deaths a year in Accra alone. Vehicular emissions are a major source of air pollution, especially (PM)2.5, and a transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is considered a solution to this. This paper estimates the cost per mile of electric vehicles compared with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) based on the retail price, fuel/energy, depreciation, maintenance, insurance, taxes, and charging infrastructure in Ghana for 10 years. The 10-year costs per mile of the BEV are less than those of the ICEV by 9.4%–24%. The advantage is only after the seventh year, while before this the BEVs were more expensive to own. Total import tax contributes up to 20% of the BEV cost per mile. It costs 83% less to charge a BEV for a mile compared to fueling an ICEV. A significant rise in electricity tariffs is very likely to negatively affect the transition to e-mobility. We found the electricity tariff to be the most sensitive to the cost per mile of the BEV because, for every US$1 price increase in the cost per kWh, the cost per mile of the BEV increased by US$ 0.315. The results also showed that a transition to e-mobility could reduce CO2 emissions from transportation by 72%, NO x emissions by 79%, volatile organic compounds by 99%, and particulate matter by 56%. Future policy should target the removal of import tax on BEVs and their parts, especially high-voltage batteries.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Cost per Mile of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Ghana

Ayetor

Dzebre

Mensah

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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“…According to ( M.A. Nyasapoh, 2022) Ghana spends about 27% of its GDP on importing fuels to power its development irrespective of the abundance of local RES.A study by Ayetor,et al (2022), finds that the social cost for owing internal combustion engine vehicle is over 164% and that the generation of RES on the energy mix below 20% is harmful to the environment. This calls for scaling up the deployment of EVs as well as the development the necessary infrastructure that will enable the uptake of the sector.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the electricity generation dynamics of Ghana. A Structural VAR Approach

Atuahene

Alemzero

2022

Preprint

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This study estimates endogenous parameters to ascertain the dynamics in the electricity generation sector in Ghana. An unrestricted VAR model is utilized to examine the empirical ramifications of the Ghanaian electricity energy sector and power consumption. The data period ranges between 2002 02021. Precisely, the results detected structural long run and short run headwinds to the unrestricted models. The findings depict that the reactions of GDP growth rate and electricity from fossil fuels react directly to headwinds based on their correlation. Also, there is feedback relationship between GDP growth rate rand electricity from fossil fuel sources since they are significant, from the granger causality analysis. Furthermore, the impulse function depicts GDP growth rate reacts to exogenous headwinds and the impacts are enduring to an extended period. Furthermore, the Variance decomposition results backed this analysis via having renewable energy without hydropower explaining less than 1% variance due to shocks and total global greenhouse emissions further explains about 85% variance due to headwinds in the time period. Electricity from fossil fuels sources explains more than 100% of the variance owing to headwinds hitting the system. Implying the nation’s overreliance on conventional energy source. Installed renewable energy will grow to over 2500MW by 2036, growing at 57.8% %.Ultimately, this calls for a rapid transformation of energy landscape in the country to a sustainable pathway. This will inform policy discourses regarding diversifying Ghana’s energy mix.

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“…Electric vehicles (EV) have been identified as the best way to reduce emissions in the transportation sector (Ayetor et al 2022). The International Energy Agency supports sales of hybrid cars and EVs which are projected to increase to around 40% by 2030 (Huda et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 2020, the global electric vehicle fleet grew to 10 million with around 370 different models but only representing 1% share of the world's vehicle fleet. Most of the EVs are concentrated in a few places such as China (45%), Europe (24%) and the United States (22%) (Ayetor et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Cost Analysis of Combustion and Electric Cars in Indonesia

Rasyid,

Joshua,

Khadijah

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

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The electrification of transportation has been identified as a necessary aspect of climate change mitigation in order to limit global temperatures to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and prevent potentially catastrophic effects on the environment (Thorne & Hughes 2019). With the Electrified Vehicles (EVs) ventures being in the early stage, the costbenefit analysis of the vehicles is key towards capturing the Indonesian market. As consumers, however, pricing may not only be the costs they consider; they also consider the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the cars they purchase. The TCO model incorporated the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP), tax, fuel cost, charging cost, maintenance cost, and residual value including depreciation. This study aims to compare the value of total cost of ownership of electric and conventional cars in Indonesia related to the relevant switching cost between EVs and ICEV. In this study it was concluded that the TCO value in HEV is smaller than BEV and ICEV. So that hybrid vehicles will be the most efficient car to have when driving long distances

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The cost of a transition to electric vehicles in Africa: A case study of Ghana

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

Comparing the Cost per Mile of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Ghana

Comparing the Cost per Mile of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Ghana

Modelling the electricity generation dynamics of Ghana. A Structural VAR Approach

Total Cost Analysis of Combustion and Electric Cars in Indonesia

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