The Cost of Switching between Kanji and Kana while Reading Japanese

Monsell, Stephen

doi:10.1080/016909699386194

Cited by 25 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…We have shown that switch costs can be affected by the experimental context, but this does not mean that they are produced only in experimental contexts. Language switch costs have been measured not just in decision experiments like ours, but also in naming experiments (Costa et al, 1999;Hernandez et al, 2001;Jackson et al, 2001;Meuter & Allport, 1999) and reading (Macnamara & Kushnir, 1971), and even when there is just a change in script but not language (Shafiullah & Monsell, 1999). Code switching (the use of different languages in the same utterance) also carries some cost (Grosjean, 1995;Li, 1996), and interestingly the cost was found to be reduced when the code-switched word carried language-specific phonetics compared with when it was phonetically neutral.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Language switching and the effects of orthographic specificity and response repetition

Orfanidou

Sumner

2005

Mem Cogn

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In two experiments, Greek-English bilinguals alternated between performing a lexical decision task in Greek and in English. The cost to performance on switch trials interacted with response repetition, implying that a source of this "switch cost" is at the level of response mapping or initiation. Orthographic specificity also affected switch cost. Greek and English have partially overlapping alphabets, which enabled us to manipulate language specificity at the letter level, rather than only at the level of letter clusters. Language-nonspecific stimuli used only symbols common to both Greek and English, whereas language-specific stimuli contained letters unique to just one language. The switch cost was markedly reduced by such language-specific orthography, and this effect did not interact with the effect of response repetition, implying a separate, stimulus-sensitive source of switch costs. However, we argue that this second source is not within the word-recognition system, but at the level of task schemas, because the reduction of switch cost with language-specific stimuli was abolished when these stimuli were intermingled with language-nonspecific stimuli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Language switching and the effects of orthographic specificity and response repetition

Orfanidou

Sumner

2005

Mem Cogn

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“…Finally, whereas kanji characters in Japanese text represent nouns and the roots of verbs and adjectives, grammatical morphemes and function words are represented in a highly transparent, syllabic writing system (hiragana). Neuropsychological and psycholinguistic studies suggest that kana and kanji are organized and processed differently (see Shafiullah & Monsell, 1999;Shimamura, 1987).…”

Section: Previous Studies Of Word Recognition In Kanjimentioning

confidence: 99%

Homophonic and semantic priming of Japanese kanji words: A time course study

Chen

Yamauchi

Tamaoka

et al. 2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…In individualdifferences studies, the basic measures of performance are the reaction time (RT) and error rate costs for trials in which a shift of attention is required, as compared with trials with no shift (i.e., shift-no shift; see, e.g., Garavan, 1998;Gopher, Armony, & Greenshpan, 2000;Meiran, Chorev, & Sapir, 2000;Monsell, Yeung, & Azuma, 2000;Rogers & Monsell, 1995;Rubinstein et al, 2001;Shafiullah & Monsell, 1999;Yeung & Monsell, 2003).…”

Section: What Representations and What Locus Of Storage?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a taxonomy of attention shifting: Individual differences in fMRI during multiple shift types

Wager

Jonides

Smith

et al. 2005

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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Although task switching is often considered one of the fundamental abilities underlying executive functioning and general intelligence, there is little evidence that switching is a unitary construct and little evidence regarding the relationship between brain activity and switching performance. We examined individual differences in multiple types of attention shifting in order to determine whether behavioral performance and fMRI activity are correlated across different types of shifting. The participants (nϭ 39) switched between objects and attributes both when stimuli were perceptually available (external) and when stimuli were stored in memory (internal). We found that there were more switchrelated activations in many regions associated with executive control-including the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal and parietal cortices-when behavioral switch costs were higher (poor performance). Conversely, activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the rostral anterior cingulate was consistently correlated with good performance, suggesting a general role for these areas in efficient attention shifting. We discuss these findings in terms of a model of cognitive-emotional interaction in attention shifting, in which reward-related signals in the VMPFC guide efficient selection of tasks in the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. WAGER, JONIDES, SMITH, AND NICHOLStasks can be dissociated on the basis of three factors: (1) Among what representations is attention shifted? (2) In what locus are the items between which attention is shifted stored-in WM or in perceptual buffers? (3) And finally, when does the shift occur-when an actual stimulus is presented and a behavioral response is required, or in advance of stimulus presentation and response selection? What Representations and What Locus of Storage?Theories of switching have combined evidence on switch costs from studies varying the cue type (Coull, Frith, Buchel, & Nobre, 2000), the target tasks (Allport, Styles, & Hsieh, 1994;Rubinstein, Meyer, & Evans, 2001), and whether switching occurs among the tasks themselves (i.e., both stimulus and response sets), operations (Spector & Biederman, 1976), stimulus-response mapping rules (Rubinstein et al., 2001), objects stored in WM (Garavan, 1998), object attributes (Owen, Roberts, Polkey, Sahakian, & Robbins, 1991;Rogers & Monsell, 1995), or combinations of these. The question of consistency across types is critical if particular shifting tasks are used as measures of an executive ability.In this study, we combined two types of evidence that have been considered for understanding the relationships between types of shifting: individual differences in performance and brain-imaging activation. In individualdifferences studies, the basic measures of performance are the reaction time (RT) and error rate costs for trials in which a shift of attention is required, as compared with trials with no shift (i.e., shift-no shift; see, e.g., Garavan, 1998;Gopher, Armony, & Greenshpan, 2000;Meiran, Chorev, & Sapir, 2...

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The Cost of Switching between Kanji and Kana while Reading Japanese

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Language switching and the effects of orthographic specificity and response repetition

Language switching and the effects of orthographic specificity and response repetition

Homophonic and semantic priming of Japanese kanji words: A time course study

Toward a taxonomy of attention shifting: Individual differences in fMRI during multiple shift types

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