The cost of the wider impacts of road traffic on local communities: 1.6% of Great Britain's GDP

Anciaes, Paulo; Jones, Peter M.; Mindell, Jennifer S.; Scholes, Shaun

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.05.016

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The results of the contribution show that the construction of community public transport services can promote the environmental and economic development of the community, which is the main reason for the increase in human settlement resilience in the study area [79,80], and the reduction of the distance between the community and the public transport station can promote the increase of human settlement resilience; the average annual temperature and CO2 emissions have a greater impact on the human settlement resilience, so the natural environmental stress (such as climate, air pollution and vegetation, etc.) is also an important factor affecting changes in human settlement resilience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comprehensive Evaluation of Community Human Settlement Resilience and Spatial Characteristics Based on the Supply-demand Mismatch between Health Activities and Environment: A Case Study of Downtown Shanghai, China

Zhong

Chen

2023

Preprint

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Introduction Under the trends toward globalisation, human settlement has increasingly become a key risk factor influencing human life. The equal relationship between human beings and the environment is an important support to improve the resilience of human settlement environment, and the resilience of community human settlement environment is an important determinant to cope with the pressure of globalisation. Thus, focusing on the principal contradictions of community development under the pressure of globalisation, this study explores the connotation of community resilience oriented towards the supply-demand mismatch between community residents' health activities and environment, constructs an organically integrated theoretical framework and evaluation indicator system. Methods This study takes downtown Shanghai as an example, relying on 2018 land use data, Dorray Sport APP data, geospatial data and urban statistics as data sources, adopting the AHP-entropy weight method and the square grid method; a comprehensive community human settlement resilience index (CRI) model based on the DPSIR model is built to quantitatively analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of community human settlement resilience (CR), and the coupling relation between driving factors and human settlement resilience is quantitatively analysed by using tools such as the geographical detector and Origin software. Results i) the scores of CR showed a "slide-shaped" fluctuation difference situation; ii) the spatial pattern of CR showed a "pole-core agglomeration and radiation" type and a "ring-like agglomeration and radiation" type. iii) Distance to bus stops, average annual temperature, CO2 emissions, building density and number of jogging trajectories are the dominant factors affecting the resilience level of community human settlement. Conclusion From the perspective of the supply-demand mismatch between health activities and environment, this paper attempts to offer a general reference for the compilation of similar human settlement evaluation systems in various countries, by sorting out the international experience in the compilation, analysis and calibration of relevant human settlement factor tables, putting forward a new approach for the study of healthy human settlement in communities, which provides references for the constellation of assessments of building healthy community and healthy city all over the world.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comprehensive Evaluation of Community Human Settlement Resilience and Spatial Characteristics Based on the Supply-demand Mismatch between Health Activities and Environment: A Case Study of Downtown Shanghai, China

Zhong

Chen

2023

Preprint

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“…The activation function, or squashing function, limits the range of the hidden units' output to a finite value. 22 In multinomial logistic regression, the softmax activation function, see Equation (1), provides an output response node probability of it being the correct class for the input values. The sum of these posterior probabilities across all the response nodes for the input values is equal to one as follows:…”

Section: Bayesian Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measure is a combination of the standardized absolute error (SAE) 24 and the classification error 41 metrics. The SAE metric is based upon the summation of the difference between actual ( y ) and predicted ( y ^ ) populations (TAE) divided by the total size of the actual population, see Equation (6), and has had several names as follows: 1,10…”

Section: Analytical Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of the impact of traffic on local communities in the United Kingdom estimated that the cost of traffic congestion to the economy is £31.9 billion per year or 1.6% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). 1 Transport planning and traffic management systems fundamentally rely on the utilization of travel demand models and traffic simulations to develop effective solutions to address these challenges. 2 These tools aim to create representations of human movement within the physical environment, thereby assessing the potential outcomes of transport policy decisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A neural network approach for population synthesis

Albiston,

Osman,

Brown

2024

SIMULATION

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This work explores techniques and metrics applied to the process of population synthesis used in activity-based modeling for traffic and transport simulation. The paper presents a novel population synthesis approach based on applying artificial neural networks (ANNs) and evaluates the approach against techniques derived from iterative proportional fitting (IPF), Bayesian networks, and data sampling methods. The documented research also investigates the appropriateness of goodness-of-fit measures and the need to consider similarity measures in assessing technique effectiveness with a focus on measures derived from Jaccard similarity coefficient. We established that IPF techniques should be preferred when datasets with the required composition are available, targeting few output variables and in relatively large zones of 5% region size. However, in smaller zones with sparser datasets, or inadequate dataset composition, the proposed ANN technique and identified sampling method are favorable. The proposed ANN method shows suitability for the population synthesis problem compared with the examined methods, but further work is required to improve model fitting speed, explore mixture models of multiple ANNs, and apply data reduction techniques to reduce the observation–decision space. The research findings also established that comparing scenarios of varying sizes and variable numbers is challenging when employing specific goodness-of-fit measures. Furthermore, the mentioned similarity measures can reveal concerns regarding inconsistent archetypes and low-quality populations that can remain concealed when using error metrics.

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“…In this article, we are introducing an ex-post assessment of socio-environmental outcomes of highway development. The ex-post socio-environmental implications of highway development would include impacts of vehicular traffic on local communities (Anciaes et al 2022; Bharadwaj et al 2017; Condurat et al 2017) during the operation of the road. However, the impacts extend beyond this to include damage that was done to the socio-economic system during road construction but whose effects exist after project completion.…”

Section: Conceptualizing Social Inclusion In Peri-urban Road Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highway engineering and land use change in peri-urban Nairobi: Assessing inclusive development outcomes for host communities in the Northern Bypass corridor

Gateri,

K’Akumu

2023

Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit

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This article looks at the socio-environmental consequences of highway development on host communities in one of Nairobi’s peri-urban corridors. It is inspired by the fact that whereas governmental decision makers have supported highway development by arguing that such construction promotes economic growth and development, decreases traffic congestion, increases travel safety, assists in the more efficient use of existing roads, reduces poverty and improves the environment, this argument is usually pitched at the national or sub-national level thereby ignoring local community interests. Therefore, the study focused on the local socio-economic transformations that are taking place along the corridor as a result of the highway development. Such fundamental transformations occasioned by the road are often not captured in the pre-project impact evaluation documents. In this context, the study found that the construction of the road positively increased accessibility; however, improved accessibility led to land value increases and gentrification. Other effects of road development are land use change and loss of livelihoods, production of inequalities and densification. The study recommends incorporation of ex-post monitoring programs in project development to help mitigate the negative impacts on vulnerable members of the host communities who may suffer in the pursuit of the national development.

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The cost of the wider impacts of road traffic on local communities: 1.6% of Great Britain's GDP

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Comprehensive Evaluation of Community Human Settlement Resilience and Spatial Characteristics Based on the Supply-demand Mismatch between Health Activities and Environment: A Case Study of Downtown Shanghai, China

Comprehensive Evaluation of Community Human Settlement Resilience and Spatial Characteristics Based on the Supply-demand Mismatch between Health Activities and Environment: A Case Study of Downtown Shanghai, China

A neural network approach for population synthesis

Highway engineering and land use change in peri-urban Nairobi: Assessing inclusive development outcomes for host communities in the Northern Bypass corridor

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