“…Carpenter, 1979). Practitioners have responded to these challenges by outlining the numerous impediments to effective and efficient operation (Day & Sparacio, 1980;West, Kayser, Overton & Saltmarsh, 1991), and with statements concerning their role description (Osipow, 1979;Drapela, 1985;1986).At the same time as the redefinition of counselling has been taking place, so too there has been a change in the direction of counsellor training. In the United States, the development of the National Association of School Psychologists in 1969 and the National Board of Certified Counselors has led to a systematic reorganisation of the professional practice of school psychology and counselling.…”