The coupling effects of freeze-thaw cycles and salinization due to snowfall on the rammed earth used in historical freeze-thaw cycles relics in northwest China

Cui, Kai; Wu, Guopeng; Du, Yumin; An, Xinyue; Wang, Zelin

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.01.016

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Polishing is caused by the removal of loose grains of material, resulting in a smooth surface. Pitting occurs when environmental processes loosen and deflate grains from the parent material, resulting in concave pits forming on the surface (Mao et al, 2015) and slurry is caused by the deposition of runoff-borne sediment down the wall face, resulting in the formation of a harder crust (Cui et al, 2019a).…”

Section: Deterioration Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calculated probability is then used to determine the deterioration risk in the given cell (see later). The cells in the deterioration module are set at a finer spatial resolution than those in the environmental module (0.25 and 1 m 2 , respectively), reflecting the difference in scale between processes operating over a landscape compared to processes causing a risk of deterioration across a wall face (Shao et al, 2013;Cui et al, 2019a;Richards et al, 2019).…”

Section: Deterioration Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temporal risk (T risk ) is determined by the deterioration that occurred in the polled cell on the previous iteration. Previous deterioration processes can prime wall surfaces, reducing and enhancing their susceptibility to future deterioration (Figure 5c; Cui et al, 2019a). The temporal risk values were determined by results from previous studies (e.g.…”

Section: Temporal Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temporal risk values were determined by results from previous studies (e.g. Du et al, 2017;Cui et al, 2019a) and on-site visual deterioration assessments at Suoyang. They are modelled as a linear function, as shown in Figure 5c.…”

Section: Temporal Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research into earthen heritage deterioration has typically been undertaken over periods of weeks to years, resulting in the complexity of deterioration processes not being captured over longer time periods (Mao et al ., 2015; Cui et al ., 2019b; Richards et al ., 2019). Deterioration studies undertaken in the laboratory or on test walls have been constrained in their experimental sample size and duration (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling the risk of deterioration at earthen heritage sites in drylands

Richards

Mayaud

Zhan

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The variable climatic and environmental conditions associated with dryland regions can cause rapid erosion to both natural and man‐made earthen structures. Whilst there is a long history of research into the evolution of erosional landforms such as yardangs, little research has investigated how dryland processes influence the erosion of built structures. Earthen heritage sites located in arid and semi‐arid environments experience rapid deterioration caused by exposure to environmental drivers such as wind and rain. Understanding how these environmental drivers interact with each other and cause deterioration to earthen material is vital for successful conservation strategies. To address this need, we present the Vegetation and Sediment TrAnsport model for Heritage Deterioration (ViSTA‐HD) that simulates the risk of polishing, pitting and slurry on earthen heritage in a spatially specific manner. A technical description of the model is provided, and sensitivity and validation tests are reported. The model is then used to simulate the risk of deterioration occurring over centennial timescales at a Suoyang Ancient City, located in semi‐arid northwest China. The modelled risk of deterioration is in good agreement with deterioration patterns found at Suoyang, with the risk of polishing predominantly occurring around the wall edges, areas at risk of pitting echoing the dune formation and the risk of slurry occurring in drape‐like patterns down the wall face. Consequently, ViSTA‐HD is a powerful and versatile model that can be used to help inform our understandings of long‐term interactions between dryland processes and deteriorative impact on earthen structures. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Section: Deterioration Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deterioration Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Temporal Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Temporal Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Modelling the risk of deterioration at earthen heritage sites in drylands

Richards

Mayaud

Zhan

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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3D scanning-based morphological characterization of rammed layer interfaces: a case study of the Ming Great Wall in northwestern China

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Multi-model ensemble of frost risks across East Asia (1850–2100)

Richards,

Brimblecombe

2024

Climatic Change

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Frost events can cause the deterioration of a wide range of heritage materials, including stone, brick and earth. In a warming world, the frequency and location of frost events is likely to change, affecting the conservation strategies required at heritage sites. We use a multi-model ensemble approach to investigate three types of frost events in East Asia: freeze–thaw cycles; deep frost days and wet frosts. The study uses nine CMIP6 models for the period 1850 to 2100, with future projections run under the SPS585 scenario. Additional analysis is undertaken for five specific 2° ✕ 2° areas located across East Asia. The three frost event parameters are spatially and temporally distinct. A decrease in all three frost parameters is found in Japan, South Korea and East China, with some areas projected to have no frost events by the end of the twenty-first century. However, Northwest China is distinctive as wet frosts are projected to increase over the twenty-first century, while on the Tibetan plateau of Southwest China, freeze–thaw cycles are projected to increase. This suggests that except in some localised regions, heritage managers can focus on risks other than frost weathering in developing plans to address climate change. Graphical Abstract

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The coupling effects of freeze-thaw cycles and salinization due to snowfall on the rammed earth used in historical freeze-thaw cycles relics in northwest China

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Modelling the risk of deterioration at earthen heritage sites in drylands

Modelling the risk of deterioration at earthen heritage sites in drylands

3D scanning-based morphological characterization of rammed layer interfaces: a case study of the Ming Great Wall in northwestern China

Multi-model ensemble of frost risks across East Asia (1850–2100)

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