The Course of Induced Crying Activity in the First Year of Life

Abstract

ExtractIn the first year of life the crying response to painful stimulation varies with age, or more precisely as a function of those psychophysical processes which underlie changes in age.At 5 hr of age crying reactivity is depressed from earlier age levels. It then increases at 2 days of age, remains relatively stable to 12 weeks of age, and thereafter diminishes markedly.Although the reliability coefficients from age to age show little or no stability of relative position for individual subjects, the course of crying reactivity generally shows significant differences from age group to age group.That the course of the cry reaction curves is primarily a function of age is supported by additional findings reported here which rule out as major determinants systematic adaptation effects, sex differences, and gross differences in IQ levels within the group studied. SpeculationSince crying activity, in one form or another, has been used as a response measure in many research investigations, the present study will offer guidelines regarding expected cry reactions from normal infants at a given age level. This study should make clear to the clinician that the same criteria cannot be used to evaluate the cry across the entire span of the first year of life. The same cry response, or lack of it, may be expected at one age and not at another. Since neurologic examinations frequently include response to painful stimulation, the age of the subject, with regard to the type of response studied here, becomes a critical factor in the diagnostic situation.In the past decade, crying activity in the neonate has come under investigation in a variety of ways. Initially it was studied by Karelitz et al. (25) as a possible diagnostic tool for brain damage and as a part of the general development of infant vocalizations. Additional studies along these lines followed (9-12, 21, 28, 35, 44). Subsequently, crying activity appeared as a response measure in studies related to Apgar evaluation (24), speech and intellectual development (23), mother-infant interactions (5, 16, 3 1 ), maternal responsiveness (3, 36), maternal anxiety (33), social reinforcement (20, 39), accommodation to the nipple (7), twin differences (29), waking states (2), continuous stimulation (6), narcotic-addicted mothers (4), drug effects during labor (26, 41), and as part of a hearing test (32).Although specific characteristics of the cry, auditive and spectrographic, have been identified and measured in some of these studies, there are relatively few investigations which deal 9 directly with the nature of the cry itself (14,35,37), or which offer, even indirectly, longitudinal guidelines describing the cry or the sensitivity level of the infant at different ages. One such study by the present authors (1 5 ) indicates, for example, that the infant near 5 hr of age tends to be relatively less sensitive to painful stimulation than at earlier age levels and cries very little. Other investigators have shown that crying tends to decline at 3 months of age and more so at 6...

Intra-Oral Administration of Sweet-Tasting Substances and Infants’ Crying Response to Immunization: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…It has been shown that the crying response to a painful stimulus was relatively stable up to 12 weeks of postnatal age and subsequently reduced in a group of babies who Ramenghi/Webb/Shevlin/Green/Evans/ Levene were followed until they reached 1 year of age when suppression in the overt cry response was noted [21]. Therefore, a natural tendency to a decreased cry reaction within the 1st year of life may have been potentiated by the effects of sugar.…”

Temporal patterning of cry and non-cry sounds in the first eight months of life

“…Because the frequency of occurrence of cry vocalization declines sharply after 4 months of age in most normal infants (Aldrich et al 1946, Brazelton 1962, Fisichelli et al 1974), it was difficult to obtain comparative cry data throughout the expansion period. Cry may be specifically elicited, e.g., by means of painful stimuli, but we wished to compare spontaneous, not elicited, cry and non-cry vocalizations.…”

The Gifted Infant: Tantalizing Behaviors and Provocative Correlates

“…In another study of cry counts among 158 infants (Fisichelli, Karelitz, Fisichelli, & Cooper, 1974), 38 members of the sample were studied longitudinally. Of the subjects, 19 had cry counts above the median of the original infant sample.…”

“…Absocutely not! Both the Karelitz et al (1964) andFisichelli et al (1974) studies are riddled with methodological flaws. How well controlled was the intensity of the eliciting stimulus (finger flick, rubber band)?…”