The craniology and relationships of four species of bos 1. Basic craniology: Bos taurus L. and its absolute size

Grigson, Caroline

doi:10.1016/0305-4403(74)90053-3

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, Grigson also showed that there was a significant difference between the sexes when measurements of the horn-core basal circumference were examined (and also the length of the horn-core) within each breed or type.6 Furthermore, skull lengths were similar in both sexes, but breadth and height tended to be greater in bulls. 6 It is important to remember that we are examining the horn-core, the bony substructure underneath the horn. The latter is keratinous and is very rarely preserved on archaeological sites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The conundrum of castration in the archaeological record: An interpretation of Roman cattle horn‐cores from Chelmsford, Essex

Luff

1994

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Current methods of sexing archaeological Cattle bones, in particular the metapodials, are based upon past research into contemporary breeds and this work embraces a limited sample size, spread across a vast geographical area. Although the separation of cows and bulls is not in question, there appears a great deal of subjectivity in the literature concerning the identification of castrated beasts.Living bone is in a dynamic state of equilibrium with the rest of the body and responds to increased loading, that is, an increase in weight of the beast or stresslstrain through strenuous movement, by remodelling. If cows and oxen are performing the same work, as for example in ploughing, then loading on the bones will be similar. These bones will thus respond by remodelling in corresponding fashion, and hence any morphological and metrical distinctions will be clouded. Horn-cores are less subject to these constraints, although in some cultures there may be loading on these bones, for example through attaching the harness to the horns for ploughing.The Chelmsford cattle horncores constitute waste from some industrial activity and it is argued in the text that horn-working is the most likely candidate, together with possibly tanning. Sexing of the bones strongly indicated male animals, with few females being present. A procedure for detecting castrated cattle (oxen) is presented, the results of which suggest an equivalent ratio of oxen to bulls.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The conundrum of castration in the archaeological record: An interpretation of Roman cattle horn‐cores from Chelmsford, Essex

Luff

1994

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…The wear on the incisors suggests an age of roughly 6-10 years; that of the premolars and molars also indicates old age, but the wear here is uneven due to displacement of some of the teeth (see below). It seems to be about the same age as or a little older than, the Chillingham skull in the British Museum Natural History (1953.4.22.8) whose estimated age is 8 years (Grigson 1974); all in all an age of 9-10 years is most likely. Epiphyseal fusion and tooth eruption times are taken from Silver's (1963) figures for unimproved breeds (where known).…”

Section: Age Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

A ‘Head and Hooves’ Burial beneath a Round Barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age Sites, on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire

Robertson-Mackay

1980

Proc. Prehist. Soc.

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This barrow was excavated by the author for the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate of the then Ministry of Public Buildings and Works (now the Department of the Environment) in August and September 1965. The barrow was scheduled under the Ancient Monuments Acts by the Department of the Environment as Wiltshire 563, and all finds were accordingly thus marked at the time of excavation. In 1958 the barrow was observed by the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate as being 4½ ft high and the mound was spread by agricultural activity to a diameter of 75 ft. In 1965 this bowl barrow stood barely 18 in. high, having suffered much from the effects of ploughing. The barrow had been disturbed mainly in the centre of the mound by early, possibly nineteenth century, excavations. At least one slit trench had been dug into the side of the mound during the 1939–45 war and much other disturbance had been caused by rabbits.Residual finds from this site caused a particular problem. Where they seem to be dateable they have been inserted in their appropriate section, otherwise where there is a possible alternative date they have been cross referenced. All ranging rods and scales shown in the photographs of the site are marked in feet and inches, except where otherwise obvious.

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“…The Linnaean taxonomy system, which mainly emphasizes morphological differences, led to the categorization of cattle species based on their cranial shape, as well as the lengths and curves of their horns. In this classification system, therefore, the classification of cattle skulls in an archaeological assemblage is likely to be possible [2] since craniology has also been used for the identification and comparison of Bos species at prehistoric sites [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bostaurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalusbubalis L.) in Turkey

Özkan¹,

Siddiq²,

Kahvecioğlu³

et al. 2019

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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A total of 20 domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.) and 15 water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis L.) skulls were analyzed in this study. All of the specimens belonged to female individuals. Using a total of 27 craniometric measurements from each of the skulls, 9 indices were calculated. Although there were statistically significant differences between the linear measurements of the skulls of both species, while calculating the indices with their ratios, the values of the measurements of the facial area were determinative in the craniology. Among these indices, the facial index 1 value was statistically significant (P < 0.01) in the comparison of these two species. On the other hand, while considering the orbit and foramen magnum measurements, in contrast with the transversal measurement, the height was more determinant for their index and form.

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The craniology and relationships of four species of bos 1. Basic craniology: Bos taurus L. and its absolute size

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

The conundrum of castration in the archaeological record: An interpretation of Roman cattle horn‐cores from Chelmsford, Essex

The conundrum of castration in the archaeological record: An interpretation of Roman cattle horn‐cores from Chelmsford, Essex

A ‘Head and Hooves’ Burial beneath a Round Barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age Sites, on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire

Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bostaurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalusbubalis L.) in Turkey

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