The Cross-Bridge Spring: Can Cool Muscles Store Elastic Energy?

George, Nicole T.; Irving, Thomas C.; Williams, C. David; Daniel, Thomas L.

doi:10.1126/science.1229573

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…They suggested that the storage and recovery of elastic energy in bound cross-bridges could assist with some of the inertial work of decelerating and accelerating the wings. In this system, the cool temperatures maintained in a portion of the muscle may be critical for allowing cross-bridges to remain bound for long enough to contribute elastically to a portion of the locomotor cycle, as the mechanism does not occur in warmer muscle (George et al, 2013). This study demonstrates that while cross-bridges may be very limited in their overall strain and energy contribution, under just the right circumstances (e.g.…”

Section: Evidence For Energy Storage and Recovery In Muscle Springsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…George and co-workers used X-ray diffraction measurements to show that in hawkmoth muscles, cross-bridges may remain bound as the muscle transitions from lengthening to shortening at the limits of the wingbeat (George et al, 2013). They suggested that the storage and recovery of elastic energy in bound cross-bridges could assist with some of the inertial work of decelerating and accelerating the wings.…”

Section: Evidence For Energy Storage and Recovery In Muscle Springsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of elastic tissues to the mechanics and energetics of muscle function during movement

Roberts

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

163

115

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Muscle force production occurs within an environment of tissues that exhibit spring-like behavior, and this elasticity is a critical determinant of muscle performance during locomotion. Muscle force and power output both depend on the speed of contraction, as described by the isotonic force-velocity curve. By influencing the speed of contractile elements, elastic structures can have a profound effect on muscle force, power and work. In very rapid movements, elastic mechanisms can amplify muscle power by storing the work of muscle contraction slowly and releasing it rapidly. When energy must be dissipated rapidly, such as in landing from a jump, energy stored rapidly in elastic elements can be released more slowly to stretch muscle contractile elements, reducing the power input to muscle and possibly protecting it from damage. Elastic mechanisms identified so far rely primarily on in-series tendons, but many structures within muscles exhibit springlike properties. Actomyosin cross-bridges, actin and myosin filaments, titin, and the connective tissue scaffolding of the extracellular matrix all have the potential to store and recover elastic energy during muscle contraction. The potential contribution of these elements can be assessed from their stiffness and estimates of the strain they undergo during muscle function. Such calculations provide boundaries for the possible roles these springs might play in locomotion, and may help to direct future studies of the uses of elastic elements in muscle.

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Section: Evidence For Energy Storage and Recovery In Muscle Springsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Evidence For Energy Storage and Recovery In Muscle Springsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of elastic tissues to the mechanics and energetics of muscle function during movement

Roberts

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

163

115

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“…The antagonistic extension of elastic elements in both passive and active muscle as well as exoskeletal deformations may store and return elastic energy ( Fig. 1 b) [10,11,12,13]. In particular, temperature gradients in Manduca sexta enables crossbridges to remain bound and function as springs, although the energy exchange capacity has not been quantified [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements inManduca sextavia elastic energy exchange

Gau

Gravish

Sponberg

2019

Preprint

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In the vast majority of flying insects, wing movements are generated indirectly via the deformations of the exoskeleton. Indirect measurements of inertial and aerodynamic power requirements suggest that elastic energy exchange in spring-like structures may reduce the high power requirements of flight by recovering energy from one wingstroke to the next. We directly measured deformation mechanics and elastic energy storage in a hawkmoth Manduca sexta thorax by recording the force required to deform the thorax over a frequency range encompassing typical wingbeat frequencies. We found that a structural damping model, not a viscoelastic model, accurately describes the thorax's linear spring-like properties and frequency independent dissipation. The energy recovered from thorax deformations is sufficient to minimize flight power requirements. By removing the passive musculature, we find that the exoskeleton determines thorax mechanics. To assess the factors that determine the exoskeleton's spring-like properties, we isolated functional thorax regions, disrupted strain in an otherwise intact thorax, and compared results to a homogeneous hemisphere. We found that mechanical coupling between spatially separated thorax regions improves energy exchange performance. Furthermore, local mechanical properties depend on global strain patterns. Finally, the addition of scutum deformations via indirect actuation provides additional energy recovery without added dissipation.

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“…Linear and rotary motors are the basic components in mechanical machineries that are crucial to industrialized societies. On the molecular scale, many cell functions in living organisms are driven by similar biological motors, from cargo transportation, gene regulation to muscle contractions . Synthetic motors that can reliably work on the nano‐ and micrometer scales have been pursued by researchers, for their great potential in biomedicine, material science and nanotechnology.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Plasmonic Particles With Optical Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmonic Particles with Unique Optical Interaction and Mechanical Motion Properties

Liu

Tian

et al. 2017

Part & Part Syst Charact

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Metal nanoparticles have unique localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties due to the strong interaction of localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) with incident light. This review will cover some of our recent theoretical and experimental studies on exploring the unique optical interaction and mechanical motion properties of plasmonic particles that originate from SPR enhanced light-matter interaction. Firstly, the efficient enhancement of both the fluorescence excitation and emission process of dye molecules by the double SPR modes (longitudinal and transverse modes) in gold nanorods, and surface plasmon amplification in metal nanoparticles with gain is discussed. Secondly, it is theoretically demonstrated that two basic physical processes of molecules interacting with light, i.e., the elastic Rayleigh scattering and inelastic Raman scattering, will strongly intertwine and correlate with each other in many plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) nanosystems. Thirdly, it is experimentally shown that SPR can enhance the optical force and torque of nanoparticles embedded within non-intrusive optical tweezers. The work presented in this review shows that plasmonic particles can possess unique optical interaction and mechanical motion properties when their geometries are deliberately controlled.bioscience to information technology like imaging and storage. For instance, when molecules located on metal nanoparticles are excited by incident light, their fluorescence or Raman signals can be significantly enhanced, with a level up to achieving the single-molecule detection. [6] Therefore, the manipulation of nanoparticles forms one of the fundamental basis for the cutting-edge researches on plasmonics, the potential applications of which have been widely found in biomedical sciences, energy harvesting and information technology. [4,[7][8][9][10][11] In this review article, we briefly introduce our recent progresses of research on plasmonic particles with unique optical interaction and mechanical motion properties due to the control and application of surface plasmons. Several topics, including fluorescence enhancement, plasmon amlification via gain, Raman scattering enhancement, and optical trapping and driving of plasmonic particles, will be covered and discussed. Among all these topics, a same element, i.e., the SPR enhanced light-matter interaction exists and plays a key role to create the many unique properties and effects. In section 2, we demonstrate a scheme of utilizing the double plasmon modes of gold nanorods to efficiently enhance the fluorescence of surrounding emitters, and surface plasmon amplification effects in metal nanoparticles with gain. In section 3 we present a new Raman enhancement theory with the inclusion of Rayleigh scattering to intertwine with the usual Raman scattering of molecules, and theoretically discuss its application to tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) microscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrosc...

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The Cross-Bridge Spring: Can Cool Muscles Store Elastic Energy?

Cited by 38 publications

References 30 publications

Contribution of elastic tissues to the mechanics and energetics of muscle function during movement

Contribution of elastic tissues to the mechanics and energetics of muscle function during movement

Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements inManduca sextavia elastic energy exchange

Plasmonic Particles with Unique Optical Interaction and Mechanical Motion Properties

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