“…The transfer of reading skills and abilities across a variety of alphabetic languages has been extensively examined, and the results are highly consistent with the LIH. Studies in Spanish-English transfer showed that higher reading skills and abilities from L1 had a slightly easier conversion to L2 reading (Carrell, 1991;Jiang & Kuehn, 2001;Lopez & Greenfield, 2004) with the range of r2 from .15 to .35, p < .05. The relationship occurs not only between Spanish and English but also in other alphabetic languages (L1) to English (L2): Finnish-English (e.g., r2 = .41, p < .01; Dufva & Voeten, 1999), Hmong-English (e.g., r2 = .15, p < .05; Jiang & Kuehn, 2001), Russian-English (e.g., r2 = .15, p < .05; Jiang & Kuehn, 2001), and DutchEnglish (e.g., r2 = .71, p = .014; van Gelderen, Schoonen, Stoel, de Glopper, & Hulstijn, 2007).…”