The Cross-Talks Among Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling and Other Prominent Pathways Involved in Neural Differentiation

Abstract

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of potent morphogens which are critical for the patterning, development, and function of the central nervous system. The appropriate function of the BMP pathway depends on its interaction with other signaling pathways involved in neural differentiation, leading to synergistic or antagonistic effects and ultimately favorable biological outcomes. These opposite or cooperative effects are observed when BMP interacts with fibroblast growth factor (FGF), cytokines, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and Wnt pathways to regulate the impact of BMP-induced signaling in neural differentiation. Herein, we review the cross-talk between BMP signaling and the prominent signaling pathways involved in neural differentiation, emphasizing the underlying basic molecular mechanisms regarding the process of neural differentiation. Knowing these cross-talks can help us to develop new approaches in regenerative medicine and stem cell based therapy. Recently, cell therapy has received significant attention as a promising treatment for traumatic or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is important to know the signaling pathways involved in stem cell differentiation toward neural cells. Our better insight into the cross-talk of signaling pathways during neural development would improve neural differentiation within in vitro tissue engineering approaches and pre-clinical practices and develop futuristic therapeutic strategies for patients with neurological disease.

Transcriptome analysis of well-differentiated laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in below-background environment

“…Based on our results, BBC3 expression was decreased in tumor cells, which might be attributed to the reduced γ-radiation environment. It is also reported that Wnt6 and BMP2 are overexpressed in several malignancies ( 32 , 33 ). Conversely, their expression was decreased in FD-LSC-1 cells cultured in the DUGL, which suggested that Wnt6 and BMP2 might be involved in the growth repression caused by a low radiation environment.…”

“…Previous research has confirmed that the activation of SMAD2/3 also participated in crosstalk with Hippo signaling when SMAD2/3 bound to the pathway transducer YAP, leading to cell growth regulation ( 42 ). Likewise, stimulating BMP2 can directly interact with the SMAD complex and subsequently promotes nuclear translocation to regulate target genes ( 33 ). The expression level of YAP trended upwards in contrast to cultures grown in parallel, although failed to reach statistical difference.…”

Glis1 and oxaloacetate in nucleus pulposus stromal cell somatic reprogramming and survival

“…Ogn, with one of the highest transcript levels in NP over FAT cells, impacts proliferation and apoptosis in fibroblasts ( Deckx et al, 2016 ). Other transcripts with higher levels in NP over FAT but less studied in the context of the IVD ECM were Anos1 , encoding anosmin-1 associated with tumor progression ( Choy et al, 2014 ), and Bmper , encoding for a protein that inhibits Bmp signaling, therefore impacting many important signaling cascades critical in chondrogenesis ( Yoon and Lyons, 2004 ; Manzari-Tavakoli et al, 2022 ). Vwa5a transcripts encoding a tumor suppressor ( Zhou et al, 2009 ) were upregulated in FAT over NP cells.…”

Recent advances on small molecules in osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and the underlying signaling pathways

“…This pathway is initiated by binding of the BMPs, a group of proteins of the TGF-β superfamily, to the heterodimeric Type I/Type II BMP transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors (Fig. 2 ) [ 26 ]. Then, either a Smad-dependent or a Smad-independent cascade is started intracellularly.…”