The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714

France, John

doi:10.4324/9780203088128

Cited by 14 publications

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“…The failure of the two attacks on Jerusalem doomed the old concept of a pell-mell attack on Jerusalem. 19 Therefore, Richard resumed negotiations with Ṣalaḥ al-Dīn following his bitter conclusion that while Ṣalaḥ al-Dīn remained Sultān of Egypt, the Christians could never take and hold Jerusalem. 20 Finally, on 2 September 1192, a formal three-year peace agreement was agreed between the Christians and Muslims.…”

Section: Why the Crusades Failed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why the Crusades Failed? Narrating the Episode After the Fall of Jerusalem

Gada

2015

ICR Journal

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The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1187 CE1 stood as a severe psychological jolt on the Christian West as they lost after an 88-year-long hegemony over Jerusalem. The subsequent preaching for Crusades invoked the Holy Land but each time the outcome turned to disappointment. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople, an act that Christians bemoaned as the crusaders became killers of their fellow Christians. The increasing schism between Byzantium and the Latin-West was coupled with the unity and expansion of the Muslims in the East to ultimately end crusader rule in the Levant with the fall of Acre in 1291. Notwithstanding, the crusading ideology persists today and is often echoed in Muslim as well as non-Muslim voices. The present paper re-tells the story with new insights based on contemporary scholarship on the Crusades following the fall of Jerusalem to Muslim forces. It focuses mainly on the military history and narrates about the ‘how’, ‘what’, and ‘why’ from the Third through to the Ninth Crusade. It also attempts to show that the Crusades were more than just confrontations since considerable cooperation and cultural exchange developed between the protagonists from the reign of Salah al-Din, particularly after the Third Crusade. The paper envisions that the current East-West dissent may be alleviated if scholars and policy makers on both sides attempt to find concrete examples of positive cooperation instead of highlighting instances of conflict from their historical perspectives.

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Section: Why the Crusades Failed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why the Crusades Failed? Narrating the Episode After the Fall of Jerusalem

Gada

2015

ICR Journal

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“…Rather, as time went on, the crusading ideal was increasingly subordinated to state‐building imperatives. This was as true of the papacy as it was of great powers such as Spain—where the war against Granada represented “the crusade harnessed by the monarchy for the business of state‐building” (France :290)—and France, as when Charles VIII used crusade as a pretext for invading Italy in 1494. In the space of a few decades, an important shift had taken place: rather than spiritual ideals providing the justification for warfare, secular developments had come to provide the pretext for invoking crusade.…”

Section: The End Of Crusade and The Future Of Liberal Warsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liberal Warfare: A Crusade Twice Removed

Hughes

2013

Int Stud Rev

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Since the 1990s, liberal warfare has attracted a good deal of debate and commentary, virtually all of which has been framed in the secular language of rights, sovereignty, power, and legitimacy. This article, in contrast, makes religion its central analytic category. Treating liberalism as a political religion, it argues that, insofar as liberal wars are fought primarily to uphold “universal” Western values, their motivation has something in common with medieval crusades. But, because that universalist ideal is vitiated by the self‐interest of states, liberal wars in fact bear closer resemblance to anachronistic attempts to revive the crusading ideal in the late Middle Ages. Thus, they represent a distant, secularized echo of a pale imitation of the Crusades—or “a crusade twice removed.”

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“…The result was a series of so‐called précroisades —instances of penitential warfare that prefigured the crusades proper—which included “wars of the Germans against the Slavs, the combats of the Normans in southern Italy and Sicily, the early campaigns of the Spanish Reconquista , and naval raids carried out by Italian sea‐powers” (Housley 2006:31). The key catalytic event in the evolution of the crusade proper, however, appears to have been the embassy sent by the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus to a council of Latin bishops at Piacenza in March 1095 (France 2005:23‐63). Through this embassy, the Byzantines, hard‐pressed by Turks advancing through Asia Minor toward Constantinople, asked the pope to encourage Western Christians to render military assistance to their Eastern coreligionists to stem the Turkish tide.…”

Section: The Institution Of the “Crusade” And Its Constitutive Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theorizing the Crusades: Identity, Institutions, and Religious War in Medieval Latin Christendom1

Latham

2011

International Studies Quarterly

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The “crusades”—a series of wars launched by the Latin Church between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries—pose a significant unresolved puzzle for International Relations Theory. The purpose of this article is to develop a historically sensitive yet theoretically governed account of the crusades that solves this puzzle. Empirically, the article draws heavily on a body of historiographical work that emphasizes the constitutive role of “religious” ideas and discourses in the evolution of the crusades. Theoretically, it adopts a constructivist approach, specifying the intersubjective factors that enabled the crusades to emerge as a significant instrument of papal “statecraft” and as a key element of medieval geopolitical relations. The article concludes with some reflections on the theoretical relevance of this account of the crusades for both medieval geopolitics and contemporary international relations.

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The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Why the Crusades Failed? Narrating the Episode After the Fall of Jerusalem

Why the Crusades Failed? Narrating the Episode After the Fall of Jerusalem

Liberal Warfare: A Crusade Twice Removed

Theorizing the Crusades: Identity, Institutions, and Religious War in Medieval Latin Christendom1

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