The Cryptosporidium Problem in Water and Food Supplies

Donnelly, Judith K.; Stentiford, E. I.

doi:10.1006/fstl.1996.0168

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Several outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in the last few decades [7,22]. Human infection with the pathogen is usually directly fecal-oral and by ingestion of contaminated food or water [5]. Water is perhaps the major route for massive outbreaks of the infection, as a result of contamination of either raw or treated water [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Environmental Water in Hokkaido, Japan.

Tsushima

Karanis

Kamada

et al. 2001

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Control of cryptosporidiosis is important in public health. Rivers that are polluted with Cryptosporidium and drinking water that is treated for drinking water production from polluted rivers could result in the waterborne disease of cryptosporidiosis. We carried out an epidemiological study of natural water supplies in Hokkaido, one of the largest dairy prefectures in Japan. To detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental water, the filtration method was used for 28 samples, which were collected from 10 rivers. A method adapted from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) filtration method using a cartridge filter has been used for the collection of samples. Oocysts were separated from a pellet by discontinuous sucrose gradient method. Twelve samples were collected from 10 rivers and parasites were purified by iron (III) flocculation method. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were identified with the immunofluorescence antibody technique using DIF kit (Cellabs Pty. Ltd., Sydney/Australia). We detected Cryptosporidium oocysts in 6 out of 10 rivers sampled. Fifty percentage (14/28) of the samples were Cryptosporidium-positive. The average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 16.73/100 L (max. 80 /100 L).

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Environmental Water in Hokkaido, Japan.

Tsushima

Karanis

Kamada

et al. 2001

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…De acordo com as constatações nos diferentes hospedeiros acometidos por Cryptosporidium spp., o ciclo de vida é do tipo monoxeno, com seis estágios de desenvolvimento no organismo hospedeiro: excistação, merogonia, gametogonia, fertilização, formação da parede do oocisto e esporogonia (Gellin & Soave 1992, Donnelly & Stentiford 1997, Smith & Rose 1998.…”

Section: Ciclo Biológicounclassified

Criptosporidiose: uma revisão sobre a sua implicação na conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos

2007

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Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging parasitic disease that has been related in several mammal species, including the aquatic ones. This review covers the epidemiology infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in aquatic mammals. The age of the animal, infecting dose and immunological state can influence on the clinical presentation, and when associated with other pathogen, can lead the animal to death. The water supply contamination is water supply is one of the major ways of the pathogen dissemination, which was being identified by different techniques of laboratorial analysis. The adequacy of sanitation structures, the use of appropriate method to inactivate the oocysts and the assurance of personal hygiene norms are some of the recommended way to minimize the dissemination of Cryptosporidium among aquatic mammals.Keywords: aquatic animals, epidemiology, zoonosis, Cryptosporidium. A criptosporidiose é uma doença parasitária emergente que vem sendo relatada em diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo os aquáticos. Esta revisão trata da epidemiologia da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em mamíferos aquáticos. A idade dos animais, dose infectante e o estado imunológico podem influenciar na apresentação clínica, e quando associados a outros patógenos pode levar o animal a óbito. A contaminação dos recursos hídricos constitui um dos principais meios de disseminação do parasito, que foi identificado por diferentes técnicas de análise. A adequação das estruturas de saneamento, utilização de métodos apropriados para a inativação dos oocistos e garantia das normas de higiene pessoal constituem algumas das maneiras recomendadas para minimizar a disseminação do Cryptosporidium entre os mamíferos aquáticos.Palavras-chave: animais aquáticos, epidemiologia, zoonose, Cryptosporidium.

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“…Many outbreaks of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis have been reported during the past 25 years (Moore et al 1994;Lisle and Rose 1995;Frost et al 1996); human infection with these pathogens was usually through ingestion of contaminated food and/or water (Donnelly and Stentiford 1997;Pell 1997). Outbreaks were associated with ®l-tered and un®ltered surface water sources, groundwater sources, and contamination of the distribution system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples from small water systems in Taiwan

Hsu

Huang²,

Hsu

2001

Parasitol Res

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Giardia and Cryptosporidium have emerged as waterborne pathogens of concern. Twenty-six water samples were collected from small water systems in Taiwan and checked for the occurrence of both parasites. Water quality parameters and characteristics of the sampling sites were also recorded. The frequencies of occurrence for Giardia and Cryptosporidium were 46.2% for each; and their mean concentrations were 79.5 cysts/100 l and 22.1 oocysts/100 l, respectively. The concentrations of oocysts and heterotrophic bacteria exhibited the highest correlation and followed the concentrations of the two protozoa. The water samples from sites with filtration devices had a lower oocyst concentration than those from sites without filtration devices, while no significant difference was found for cysts. The level of each parasite had no direct relationship with altitude. The cyst concentrations increased proportionally with the consumer population using the water systems. Risk assessment of the parasitic infections suggests that setting up disinfection devices in the small water systems would be needed.

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The Cryptosporidium Problem in Water and Food Supplies

Cited by 18 publications

References 56 publications

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Environmental Water in Hokkaido, Japan.

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Environmental Water in Hokkaido, Japan.

Criptosporidiose: uma revisão sobre a sua implicação na conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos

Analysis for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples from small water systems in Taiwan

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