Sodium cobalt phosphate, NaCoPO4, occurs as two different polymorphs which transform reversibly at 998 K. The crystal structures of both polymorphs have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The lowtemperature form c~-NaCoPO4 crystallizes in the space group Pnma with cell parameters: a = 8.871 (3), b = 6.780 (3), c = 5.023 (1) A, and Z = 4 [wR(F 2) = 0.0653 for all 945 independent reflections]. The o~-phase contains octahedrally coordinated Co and Na atoms and tetrahedrally coordinated P atoms, and is isostructural with maracite, NaMnPO4. The structure of high-temperature fl-NaCoPO4 is hexagonal with space group P65 and cell parameters: a = 10.166 (1), c = 23.881 (5)/~, and Z = 24[wR(F 2) -0.0867 for 4343 unique reflections]. The /3-phase belongs to the large family of stuffed tridymites, with the P and Co atoms occupying tetrahedral sites and the Na atoms located in the cavities of the tetrahedral framework. The long c axis corresponds to a 3 x superstructure of the basic tridymite framework (c _~ 8/~) and is caused by the displacement of the Na atoms, tetrahedral tilts and strong distortions of the CoO4 tetrahedra. A bond-valence analysis of these phases reveals that the polymorphism in NaCoPO4 is due in part to over-/underbonding of the Na atom in the low-/high-temperature structures, respectively.