The Cultural Determinants of Xenophobia

Multiculturalism Reassessed

“…These include an emphasis on civic or political values in the public sphere, liberal immigration policies and integration policies to treat newcomers. Rainer Bauböck claims that; '… national traditions of receiving societies are decisive in shaping public attitudes and policy targets towards Multiculturalis m Reassessed multiculturalis m ' (1996a, p. 19; see also Banton, 1996). This is also shown eloquently by Davidson (1997) in his exposé of Australia's citizenship history.…”

Frequent border‐crossing children and cultural membership

“…Another line of research has begun to examine the construction and negotiation of identities among transnational and bordering youth within education contexts (see the edited volume of Vandeyar, ). Identity issues have emerged as a theme of scholarly inquiry among bordering youth and transnational children because cultural membership, defined by Choi () as “claims to citizenship and community membership that are predicated on familiarity of certain cultural knowledge and display of particular cultural practices,” has increasingly been mobilised in boundary drawings in intergroup interactions (Banton, ; Ong, ; Stolcke, ; Wimmer, ). Under the rising tide of xenophobia around the globe, legal citizenship becomes a necessary but insufficient condition for claiming legitimate membership in society as people are not only categorised into groups of desirable versus nondesirable citizens but are also hierarchised into explicit or implicit “cultural rankings” (Ong, , p. 740).…”

How Do Paternalistic Leader Behaviors Shape Xenophobia in Business Life?

“…In other words, organizational members may thus pick and choose which of their social identities are salient to the situation, such as the identities of the business leader (Robbins & Judge, 2017). In such a situation, the leader is considered to be deliberate in doing the undue favor to one of his subordinates, which can be considered the other-group as so different that it must be segregated, expelled or destroyed (Banton, 1996;Cox & Rouček, 1970). Additionally, the assimilation or acceptance of immigrants depends on the process that can be measured by the extension of family patterns (Banton, 1996;Todd, 2015) in which can be developed by paternalistic leadership in organizations.…”

“…In such a situation, the leader is considered to be deliberate in doing the undue favor to one of his subordinates, which can be considered the other-group as so different that it must be segregated, expelled or destroyed (Banton, 1996;Cox & Rouček, 1970). Additionally, the assimilation or acceptance of immigrants depends on the process that can be measured by the extension of family patterns (Banton, 1996;Todd, 2015) in which can be developed by paternalistic leadership in organizations. Therefore, a paternalistic leadership-like leadership style has the potential to transform the style into workplace discrimination (Aycan, 2006b;Börekçi, 2009) or vice versa.…”