Evaluation has become a central feature of policymaking, used and often misused to shape and influence policy goals, priorities and practices. In the case of cultural mega events such as the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) and the UK City of Culture (UKCoC), which are the focus of this special issue, evaluation is a significant mechanism to shape, justify and inform urban cultural policies. Since the publication of the Myerscough (1994) and Palmer and Palmer/Rae Associates ( 2004) reports, the reputation of the ECoC initiative has been consolidated as an effective catalyst and accelerator for culture-led urban regeneration. After the emergence of the ECoC, many other international and national City of Culture (CoC) initiatives were established across the globe, including the UKCoC. Many policymakers highlight the benefits outlined in evaluation studies at different stages, ranging from the participation in competitive bidding and the implementation of a programme of cultural activities to post-event and legacy actions.However, within the Cities of Culture Research Network (CCRN), we noted a research gap in critical studies on the evaluation of CoC initiatives . As suggested in the previous volume of this special issue (2023), CCRN was established in 2019 and funded by the UK's Arts and Humanities Research Council until 2021. Its main aim was to create an interdisciplinary space where academics, postgraduate researchers and policymakers could pursue a better collective understanding of CoCs and their evaluation. It included ECoC, UKCoC and London Borough of Culture projects delivered by British cities and connected UK researchers with their counterparts in Aarhus (Denmark) and Galway (Ireland). The network's members and activities attempted to interrogate the often-problematic relationships between policy and evaluation and to explore the conditions and procedures that are required to create productive links between research and new policy developments, including a better acknowledgement and discussion of ambivalences and failures (Jancovich and Stevenson, 2021). The idea for this special issue arose as part of the activities of the network.We noted that in evaluation studies and impact assessments, CoCs are often portrayed as producing positive socio-economic effects in areas including tourism, city branding and attracting inward investment. This often leads to a vicious circle in the relationship between evaluation and policymaking. Evaluation studies justify the implementation of policies which produce more evaluation studies that continue to enable policy development. It is also evident that there are many isolated studies about the impacts of CoC programmes, and few that explore medium and long-term effects (with the possible exception of Garcia and Cox, 2013). In studies about the impacts of CoCs, there is often a lack of clarity about processes of evaluation, their main practices and organising principles, the key actors involved and the
Guest editorial 1We would like to thank the UK's Arts and Humanitie...