The Culture of Profession in Late Renaissance Italy

Heresy at Play: Academies and the Literary Underground in Counter-Reformation Siena*

“… 5 On parlor games, see McClure, 2004, 51–69; on the anthropology of play, see Turner, esp. 20–59; Davis, 97–151. …”

Women and the Politics of Play in Sixteenth-Century Italy: Torquato Tasso's Theory of Games*

“… 72 Distinguishing them from other types of games — for example, ancient gladiatorial and funeral games, modern jousts, soccer, masquerades, and even board games — Ringhieri, 157 v , lays claim to originality in his project by suggesting that he has no real model for creating such “liberal” games, “worthy of whatever rare and elevated intellect.” Following the 1551 princeps edition, the Cento giuochi was reprinted in Venice in 1553 and in Bologna in 1580, and it appeared in a French translation in Lyons in 1555. On Ringhieri, see Crane, 285–90; McClure, 2004, 51–60. . …”

“…Although women participated in various events sponsored by the Intronati, the records suggest that they were rarely actual members: one woman, Laura Battiferri, is listed in the membership records of 1557, and a second woman appears only much later in the list of 1690 (see Sbaragli, 183, 194, 211). On G. Bargagli and the Intronati, see also Crane, 263–85, 297–308; Maylender, 3:350–62; Iacometti; Cochrane, 3, 31; R. Bruscagli's “Introduzione: nel salotto degli Intronati” in G. Bargagli, 9–39; Seragnoli; McClure, 2004, 52, 60–69.…”

“…Tasso, 1998, 735: “or son mutate l'usanze, e gli ascoltatori son mascherati, e smascherati gli istrioni.” As for Carnival in Ferrara, in 1526 the humanist protonotary Celio Calcagnino dedicated a defense of Carnival, his Apologus cui titulus personati , to Alfonso I d'Este, a work that Tomaso Garzoni summarizes and generally rebuts in his chapter on masquerades in his Piazza universale (dedicated to Alfonso II d'Este); Garzoni cites the disorder occasioned by Carnival, a disorder that, ironically, he himself partly replicates in his Piazza . See Calcagnino, 616–21; Garzoni, 1033–37; McClure, 2004, 93–96. Tasso expressed conflicting attitudes toward Carnival.…”