The Curious Life-Style of the Parasitic Stages of Gnathiid Isopods

Smit, Nico J.; Davies, Angela J.

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(04)58005-3

Cited by 138 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…The life cycle of gnathiid isopods involves a parasitic larval phase and a non-feeding adult phase (Monod 1926). The resting larvae and the adult stages are usually found in sponges, tubes of serpulid worms, coral rubble or sediment cavities (Monod 1926, Upton 1987, Wägele 1988, Klitgaard 1997, Smit and Davies 2004. Almost all the specimens of Caecognathia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica</i> (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: endobiotic fauna and new distributional information

Schejter¹,

Chiesa²,

Doti³

et al. 2011

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: The composition of endobionts in the sponge Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica at the shelf-break, near 100 m depth, in the Argentine Sea was studied. We also provide new information on the distribution of M. (A.) magellanica, extending its northern limit to 38º36.02'S and 55º44.68'W, 91 m in the SW Atlantic Ocean. The main Patagonian scallop fishing grounds are located in the shelf-break frontal area of the Argentine Sea. In this area, M. (A.) magellanica plays an important role in providing habitat for at least 23 taxa of small invertebrates, mostly crustaceans (66% to 96% of the total number of individuals). On average, this sponge hosted 348 individuals per litre; Aristias cf. antarcticus (Amphipoda) was the most frequent and abundant species. Other organisms commonly found were the isopod Caecognathia sp., the amphipod Leucothoe cf. spinicarpa, the bivalve Hiatella meridionalis and the ophiuroid Ophiactis asperula. As previously demonstrated for other sponges, our study suggests that M. (A.) magellanica enhances benthic biodiversity, as it shelters a variety of invertebrate species. In areas of soft and flat substrate, erect and sessile epifauna usually acts as an ecosystem engineer, structuring the architecture of the habitat by increasing the sea-bottom complexity. Mass removal of this fauna due to intense trawling activities on Patagonian scallop beds could have devastating effects on local biodiversity.Keywords: Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica, sponge-invertebrate associations, benthic richness, Argentine Sea. RESUMEN: Mycale (aegogropila) Magellanica (Porifera: Demospongiae) en el Atlántico suroeste: fauna endobiótica y nuevos datos de su distribución. -Se estudió la composición de endobiontes de la esponja Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica, recolectada en el área del talud del Mar Argentino, a una profundidad promedio de 100 m. Se presenta también nueva información sobre la distribución de M. (A.) magellanica, extendiendo su límite norte hasta los 38º36.02'S y 55º44.68'W, 91 m en el Atlántico Sudoccidental. En el Mar Argentino, los principales bancos de vieira patagónica están situados en el borde externo de la plataforma, en el área frontal del talud. En esta región, M. (A.) magellanica juega un papel importante al proveer hábitat para al menos 23 taxones de invertebrados pequeños, en su mayoría crustáceos (66 al 96% del total de individuos). En promedio, esta esponja alberga 348 individuos por litro de esponja, siendo Aristias cf. antarcticus (Amphipoda) la especie más frecuente y abundante. Otros organismos hallados con frecuencia fueron el isópodo Caecognathia sp., el anfípodo Leucothoe cf. spinicarpa, el bivalvo Hiatella meridionalis y la ofiura Ophiactis asperula. Tal como se ha encontrado en otras esponjas, nuestros resultados sugieren que M. (A.) magellanica enriquece la biodiversidad local al proveer refugio a una gran variedad de invertebrados bentónicos. En áreas de sustrato blando, la epifauna eréctil y sésil estructura la arquitectura del hábitat, aumentando la complejidad del fond...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica</i> (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: endobiotic fauna and new distributional information

Schejter¹,

Chiesa²,

Doti³

et al. 2011

Sci. Mar.

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“…The Coral reef fishes are parasitized by a wide range of ectoparasites (Rhode 1993) that can have significant detrimental effects on their growth, survival and reproduction (Adlard and Lester 1994). Gnathiids are the group of isopods that live as external fish parasites during their larval stage and later in the adult stage it lives in coral rubbles, sponges or sediment cavities (Smit and Davies 2004). These isopods are copious in coral reefs and found to be the common external parasites on coral reef fish (Grutter et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their larvae have needle-like mouthparts for sucking body fluids from the fish. Gnathiid larvae with swollen thoraxes containing fish body fluid are traditionally called Pranzia larvae and those with segmented thoraxes before feeding are traditionally called zuphea larvae (Smit and Davies 2004). Gnathiid taxonomy is generally based on the morphology of the male, but larval descriptions have recently increased because ecological studies have identified larvae as ectoparasites on fish (Farquharson et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First record of Gnathia sp. an ectoparasitic isopod isolated from the coral reef fish, Heniochus acuminatus collected from the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India

et al. 2016

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An ectoparasitic isopod, Gnathia sp. was found in the Gill chambers of Heniochus acuminatus collected from the Gulf of Mannar region, Southeast coast of India. The present study signifies the new record of Gnathia sp. an coral reef ectoparasitic isopod captured from the gill net during October 2014. Among the 36 specimens examined 5 specimens were infested with Pranzia larvae of Gnathia sp. The size of the isopods were ranged from 1.5 to 3.2 mm and the host fish length varied between 119 and 230 mm. They were specifically found attached to the gill chambers and no damage observed in the lamellar pattern.

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“…Although approximately 187 gnathiid species have been described world-wide, inhabiting estuaries, intertidal zones, coral reefs, and the deep sea, the impact of blood feeding by their juvenile stages is difficult to assess since they mostly target wild fishes (see Smit and Davies, 2004;Jones et al 2007;Tanaka, 2007;Manship, 2009;Ferreira et al 2009Ferreira et al , 2010. The parasite-host association can cause host stress, lesions, secondary infections, anaemia, and mortalities in captive environments (see Hayes et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parasite-host association can cause host stress, lesions, secondary infections, anaemia, and mortalities in captive environments (see Hayes et al 2011). Like some terrestrial haematophagous arthropods, gnathiids have also been implicated in the transmission of blood dwelling apicomplexans between fishes, though the route of transmission remains uncertain (see Davies and Smit, 2001;Smit and Davies, 2004;Smit et al 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood feeding in juvenileParagnathia formica(Isopoda: Gnathiidae): biochemical characterization of trypsin inhibitors, detection of anticoagulants, and molecular identification of fish hosts

et al. 2012

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The 3 post-marsupial juvenile stages of the gnathiid isopod, Paragnathia formica, are haematophagous ectoparasites of fishes that may, in heavy infestations, cause host mortality. Protein digestion in fed stage 3 juveniles is accomplished by cysteine proteinases, but what bioactive compounds attenuate host haemostatic, inflammatory and immunological responses during feeding is unknown. Trypsin inhibitory activity and anticoagulant activity were detected in crude extracts of unfed P. formica stage 1 juveniles; fractionation of stage 1 crude extracts by ion exchange chromatography resulted in 3 preparations each displaying these bioactivities. Further characterization revealed anti-thrombin activity in 2 of these preparations, whilst the third displayed the strongest anticoagulant activity that targeted a factor of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Three trypsin inhibitors (18 kDa, 21 kDa, and 22 kDa) were also detected using reverse zymography. In parallel, homogenates of fed stage 2 and 3 juveniles were used to identify their fish hosts by amplifying the 16S mitochondrial rDNA and 18S genomic rDNA vertebrate gene regions. Blood from at least 4 fish families had been ingested by separate individuals during feeding. This study demonstrates that trypsin inhibitors and anticoagulants are present in P. formica juveniles which could suppress host haemostatic, inflammatory and immunological responses during feeding, and that juveniles are not host specific.

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The Curious Life-Style of the Parasitic Stages of Gnathiid Isopods

Cited by 138 publications

References 93 publications

<i>Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica</i> (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: endobiotic fauna and new distributional information

<i>Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica</i> (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: endobiotic fauna and new distributional information

First record of Gnathia sp. an ectoparasitic isopod isolated from the coral reef fish, Heniochus acuminatus collected from the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India

Blood feeding in juvenileParagnathia formica(Isopoda: Gnathiidae): biochemical characterization of trypsin inhibitors, detection of anticoagulants, and molecular identification of fish hosts

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