“…Decision makers need two types of specialized knowledge to carry out effective coastal management practices: (1) scientific or technical information about the function of coastal or riparian ecosystems and their ecological value; (2) management or institutional knowledge regarding land management, land planning and other decision-making processes that support or require coordinated strategies and actions (Kellogg, 1997;Kellogg et al, 2004). Scientific and management knowledge focused on the Great Lakes has been developed through extensive data-gathering efforts over the last several decades, including through the State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences (SOLEC, 1994(SOLEC, , 1996(SOLEC, , 1998, Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) (Hartig & Law, 1994;Hartig & Vallentyne, 1989;Kellogg, 1998), Lake Area Management Plans (LAMPs) (USEPA, 2002), and dozens of other programs carried out under the auspices of the International Joint Commission, the Downloaded by [Cornell University Library] at 21:50 17 November 2014 two national governments, eight states and two provinces.…”