The Current Distribution, Resistance and Internal Inductance of Linear Power System Conductors—A Review of Explicit Equations

Morgan, V.T.

doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2213617

Cited by 60 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, the solution of these equations usually offers challenging mathematical difficulties, thus the solution of a particular skin or proximity effect problem often involves applying an approximate numerical procedure based on an iterative solution of a set of algebraic equations. Exact solutions only exist for a few geometries including isolated straight round [3,4,25] and tubular conductors [26].…”

Section: B B I Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of the ac to dc resistance ratio of conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors by applying FEM simulations

Riba

2015

Eur. J. Phys.

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This paper analyzes the skin and proximity effects in different conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors' configurations subjected to applied alternating currents and voltages. These effects have important consequences, including a rise of the ac resistance, which in turn increases power loss, thus limiting the rating for the conductor. The alternating current (ac) resistance is important in power conductors and bus bars for line frequency applications as well as in smaller conductors for high frequency applications. Despite the importance of this topic, it is usually not analyzed in detail in undergraduate and even in graduate studies. For this purpose, this paper compares the results provided by available exact formulas for simple geometries with those obtained by means of two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) simulations and experimental results. The paper also shows that FEM results are very accurate and more general than those provided by the formulas, since FEM models can be applied in a wide range of electrical frequencies and configurations.

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Section: B B I Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of the ac to dc resistance ratio of conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors by applying FEM simulations

Riba

2015

Eur. J. Phys.

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“…There is an exact solution for the AC resistance of an insulated infinitely long round circular conductor based on the zero-order Kelvin functions of first kind (ber, bei) and second kind (ker, kei) and their derivatives (ber',bei' and ker', kei') [2],…”

Section: Tubular Round Conductormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well-known that although the current density distribution in homogeneous conductors supplied with direct current (DC) is uniform, when dealing with conductors under alternating current (AC) supply, their current density is often not uniform throughout the cross-section because of the skin and proximity effects [1,2,3]. At high frequencies the current tends to be concentrated towards the periphery of the conductor [4], thus increasing the AC resistance and power loss in the conductor [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, analytical exact formulas are limited to a reduced number of conductors geometries and configurations [2] since they lead to challenging mathematical complications even for simple geometries [9], whereas the internationally recognized formula found in the IEC 60287-1-1 standard [10] cannot take into account some effects such as some cross-sectional geometries, multi-conductor systems with specific current distributions and/or asymmetric configurations, multiple configurations of multi-phase conductors close each other, unbalanced multi-phase conductor systems or extended frequency ranges. Contrarily, numerical methods specially conceived to deal with such type of problems tend to be more flexible, allowing to deal with multi-conductor systems and with a wider range of cross-sections and frequencies [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of formulas to calculate the AC resistance of different conductors’ configurations

Riba

2015

Electric Power Systems Research

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Abstract-Skin and proximity effects in single-or multi-conductor systems can notoriously affect the AC resistance in conductors intended for electrical power transmission and distribution systems and for electronic devices. This increase of the AC resistance raises power loss and limits the conductors' currentcarrying capacity, being an important design parameter. There are some internationally recognized exact and approximated formulas to calculate the AC resistance of conductors, whose accuracy and applicability is evaluated in this paper. However, since these formulas can be applied under a wide range of configurations and operating conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the applicability of these models. This is done by comparing the results that they provide with experimental data and finite element method (FEM) simulation results. The results provided show that FEM results are very accurate and more general than those provided by the formulas, since FEM models can be applied to a wide range of conductors' configurations and electrical frequencies.

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“…Especially at high temperature, the simplified model is unable to accurately calculate the resistance. In addition, the research in Reference [4][5][6] has shown that there is a current-dependent behavior in line AC resistance. The conductors of transmission line are composed of aluminum strands wound upon a steel core of one or more strands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on power transmission line ampacity calculation with nonlinear AC resistance

Xue¹,

Zhang²

2017

2nd Annual International Conference on Energy, Environmental &Amp; Sustainable Ecosystem Development (EESED 2016)

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As the rapid development of renewable energy, energy sectors have to increase the load transfer capacity of transmission line. In order to calculate the line ampacity accurately, it is necessary to establish a valid mathematical model for line AC resistance. However, the simplified AC resistance model, which is current commonly used, does not take into account the nonlinear impact of current variation. In this paper, an modified AC resistance model regarding current-carrying variation is proposed, and the parameters in the proposed model are estimated by the experiment data. Combining IEEE standard and proposed model, the ampacity of conductor LGJ-120/25 is calculated and analyzed. The calculated results indicates that the ampacity obtained by proposed model is less than ampacity obtained by simplified AC resistance model. That means the ampacity would be overestimated and the security of transmission line would be reduced when the nonlinear impact of current variation is ignored.

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The Current Distribution, Resistance and Internal Inductance of Linear Power System Conductors—A Review of Explicit Equations

Cited by 60 publications

References 33 publications

Calculation of the ac to dc resistance ratio of conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors by applying FEM simulations

Calculation of the ac to dc resistance ratio of conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors by applying FEM simulations

Analysis of formulas to calculate the AC resistance of different conductors’ configurations

Study on power transmission line ampacity calculation with nonlinear AC resistance

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