Four infrared instrument systems, which use large-aperture superfluid helium dewars to provide cooling for a year or more in earth orbit, havebeen launched or are in development. These include the Infrared Astronomical Satellite(IRAS), launched in 1983, and the Cosmic Background Explorer(COBE), launched in 1989. The Infrared Space Observatory(ISO) and Space Infrared Telescope(SIRTF) are in various stages ofdevelopment. The designs ofall these dewars use features developed for and proven by flight operation of the IRAS and now the COBE. Furthermore, many of the IRAS/COBE design approaches, especially related to the insulation and cryogen tank support systems, are applicable to the next generation ofhigh-performance, spaceborne cryogenic systems.This paper discusses the evolution ofdesign approaches and dewarthermal-math modeling used for the WAS and COBE dewars. The unique designand testissues associated with these large-aperture, cold-vacuum-shell dewars are examined. Finally, correlation of the recent COBE flight data with the dewar thennal-math model is presented, and the apparent predictive deficiencies of the model are discussed.