The current trends of Mg alloys in biomedical applications—A review

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as an ideal alternative to the permanent implant materials owing to its enhanced properties such as biodegradation, better mechanical strengths than polymeric biodegradable materials and biocompatibility. It has been under investigation as an implant material both in cardiovascular and orthopedic applications. The use of Mg as an implant material reduces the risk of long-term incompatible interaction of implant with tissues and eliminates the second surgical procedure to remove the implant, thus minimizes the complications. The hurdle in the extensive use of Mg implants is its fast degradation rate, which consequently reduces the mechanical strength to support the implant site. Alloy development, surface treatment, and design modification of implants are the routes that can lead to the improved corrosion resistance of Mg implants and extensive research is going on in all three directions. In this review, the recent trends in the alloying and surface treatment of Mg have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the recent progress in the use of computational models to analyze Mg bioimplants has been given special consideration.

Development of magnesium implants by application of conjoint‐based quality function deployment

“…Other potential trends are the application of new technologies like 3D printing of magnesium implants (Nickels, 2019), the use of computational tools to design and analyze implants (Riaz, Shabib, & Haider, 2019), and the development of medical devices for real-time health monitoring via biodegradable sensors (Chatterjee, Saxena, Padmanabhan, Jayachandra, & Pandya, 2019). The measurement of parameters such as, for example, temperature or pressure in organs and vessels could be used to monitor the progression of traumatic or chronic diseases and the health process of the patient (Shin et al, 2019).…”

Potentially toxic metallic wear nanoparticles and trace metal ions release from metal-on-metal orthopedic implants in the human biological specimens: An Overview of in vivo and ex vivo clinical studies

“…In clinical practice within the field of orthopedics, metallic implants or more frequently alloyed metal implants are applied and mostly used to substitute, rebuild or replace hard tissues such as bones, due to the fact that their mechanical fatigue strength, hardness and fracture toughness, much higher than those of ceramics and polymers, allow to apply them as structural materials for the production of the most intraosseous implants [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. At the same time, the decreased age of patients, who need a variety of orthopedic implants, puts high demands on implant biomaterials, which are placed for a long period of time in the body, should be of high biocompatibility [11][12][13][14][15]. As a result, around 80% of artificial hip and knee joints, bone plates and spinal fixation devices are currently produced from metal [16].…”

Electrochemical Analysis and In Vitro Assay of Mg-0.5Ca-xY Biodegradable Alloys

“…In order to correlate the corrosion rate to the osteosynthesis timeframe of Mg, in a quantity that can be considered to estimate body-degradability rate, some have used alloys with different metals, which can be a beneficial approach for mechanical properties as well [5,11,14]. Mg-rare earths (REs) alloys from binary, ternary, and quaternary system alloys were investigated regarding the mechanical properties and the corrosion behavior, as well as from the biocompatibility point of view [15].…”