The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals

Hoffmann, Aline Rodrigues

doi:10.1002/9781119278368.ch4.1

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Taken all together our results add further information on the microbial populations inhabiting the skin of wild ruminants. Recent studies have demonstrated that interactions between the skin microbiome and the immune system can maintain a healthy skin vs. the establishment of a disease status (65). Metagenomic analyses would be required to further characterize the skin microbiome of these animal species to better understand their cutaneous ecosystem.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park

et al. 2020

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The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park

et al. 2020

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“…42 Hence, many skin microbes may play dual roles in health and disease, and the differences in their function may lie at the strain or subspecies level. 16,[43][44][45][46] Multiple C. acnes studies have led to the classification of subspecies or types, each displaying a unique set of characteristics, activities and pathogenic potential. 34 Phylogenetic, biochemical and microscopic C. acnes analyses reveal distinct evolutionary lineages, known as types I, II and III 47,48 with recA analysis dividing type I into subclades IA and IB.…”

Section: Acne and Skin Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology

et al. 2019

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Summary Background The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture‐based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with less biased genomic methods, sampling, lysis and methodology, the task of describing acne pathophysiology remains challenging. Acne occurs in sites dominated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Malassezia species, both of which can function either as commensal or pathogen. Objectives This article aims to review the current state of the art of the microbiome and acne. Methods The literature regarding the microbiome and acne was reviewed. Results It remains unclear whether there is a quantitative difference in microbial community distribution, making it challenging to understand any community shift from commensal to pathogenic nature. It is plausible that acne involves (i) change in the distribution of species/strains, (ii) stable distribution with pathogenic alteration in response to internal (intermicrobe) or external stimuli (host physiology or environmental) or (iii) a combination of these factors. Conclusions Understanding physiological changes in bacterial species and strains will be required to define their specific roles, and identify any potential intervention points, in acne pathogenesis and treatment. It will also be necessary to determine whether any fungal species are involved, and establish whether they play a significant role. Further investigation using robust, modern analytic tools in longitudinal studies with a large number of participants, may make it possible to determine whether the microbiota plays a causal role, is primarily involved in exacerbation, or is merely a bystander. It is likely that the final outcome will show that acne is the result of complex microbe–microbe and community–host interplay.

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“…Multiple interactions between the skin microbiota and the immune system have also been demonstrated, so that a diverse and balanced microbiota is considered an essential component of a healthy skin [4,7,8]. Furthermore, identifying and characterizing the cutaneous microbiota can help us to understand how microbial diversity may contribute to cutaneous diseases, and to elucidate the roles of different microorganisms in the pathogenesis of dermatological conditions such as atopic dermatitis [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiota of the surface, dermis and subcutaneous tissue of dog skin

García-Fonticoba

Ferrer

Francino

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background. Studies using highly sensitive molecular techniques have detected bacterial communities below the human epidermis. Depending on their abundance and composition, this finding could be clinically relevant. The aim of this study was to determine if bacteria can be detected in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of dogs without cutaneous disease using two different approaches: traditional cultures and DNA sequencing of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene using next-generation sequencing (NGS).Results. Seven healthy dogs were included in the study, and two sets of samples were collected from each subject. Sample sets were composed of a 6-mm abdominal skin biopsy, including epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, a skin surface swab, and an environmental blank sample for contamination control. One set of samples from each dog was submitted for bacterial culture and the other one for bacterial DNA amplification and sequencing. Five different bacterial genera (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus) were isolated in five out of the seven skin surface swab samples with aerobic microbiological culture methods, while no growth was obtained from the other two samples. Although some DNA could be amplified from epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous tissue samples, the results of the NGS were similar to those of the blanks.Conclusion. When investigated with aerobic microbiological culture methods, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of dogs are sterile. NGS techniques lead to the detection of some bacterial DNA, similar to the signal detected in blanks, which does not support the presence of a microbiota in dermis or subcutaneous tissue.

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The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals

Cited by 20 publications

References 97 publications

Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park

Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park

The role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology

The microbiota of the surface, dermis and subcutaneous tissue of dog skin

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