The cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection

Maksoud, Semer; Hokayem, Joelle El

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15055

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…These will exacerbate the symptoms and evolution to AIDS. The same negative correlation between CD4 levels and Immunoglobulins G type or level of viremia were present in opportunistic coinfection with other viruses like HBV or HCV [30,31] and parasites like Leischmania [32,33] or Toxoplasma [30]. In our study, PLWH CMV+ coinfected with HBV or HCV represent less than 20% of the study population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

CMV and HIV Coinfection in Women from a Region in Eastern Europe

Halichidis,

Aschie,

Cozaru

et al. 2023

JPM

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(1) Background: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients. Romania has one of the highest incidences of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which determines an immunosuppressive state. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of CMV infection among women living with HIV in Southeastern Romania and also to evaluate and correlate antiretroviral therapy (ART) with CD4 level and CMV disease evolution. (2) Methods: Seventy women living with HIV from Southeastern Romania were screened for CMV infection using antigen quantification. Of these, 50 were included in the study. First, the patients filled out a questionnaire regarding social conditions and other associated diseases. Then, we explored the statistical correlations between the data and HIV status, CD4+ cell counts, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy (ART). (3) Results: Median age of the patients was 33 years. Twenty-nine cases were diagnosed with HIV after sexual life beginning and 21 before. Most of the patients had a CD4 level over 200 cells/µL. ART duration in the CD4 under 200 cells/µL group was a bit longer than that in the CD4 over 200 cells/µL group. Forty-one patients had undetectable viremia. CD4 average value in the lot of patients with undetectable viremia was 704.71 cells/µL and in the lot with detectable viremia was 452.44 cells/µL. Viremia values correlated negatively with CD4 level. A positive correlation between IgG CMV values and ART therapy length was identified. A negative significant correlation between values of IgG CMV and values of CD4 was identified. CD4 value correlated negatively with IgG CMV values and with CMV avidity. (4) Conclusions: IgG CMV values had a weak positive correlation with ART therapy length, and a negative statistically significant correlation with values of CD4. CMV avidity has a negative correlation with CD4 value.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

CMV and HIV Coinfection in Women from a Region in Eastern Europe

Halichidis,

Aschie,

Cozaru

et al. 2023

JPM

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“…In contrast, several groups have observed significantly higher IL-15 levels in ART-naïve PWH [ 59 , 60 , 61 ], and these higher levels were shown to correlate with increased viral load [ 61 , 62 ]. On the other hand, other studies have shown higher levels of IL-15 in monocytes of long-term non-progressors [ 63 ], as well as higher IL-15 levels corresponding to better clinical responses to ART [ 58 , 64 ]. Overall, there appears to be significant variability in the effects of endogenous IL-15 during the course of natural HIV infection.…”

Section: Il-15mentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-15 and N-803 for HIV Cure Approaches

Howard,

Bosque

2023

Viruses

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In spite of the advances in antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection, the presence of a latent reservoir of HIV-infected cells represents the largest barrier towards finding a cure. Among the different strategies being pursued to eliminate or reduce this latent reservoir, the γc-cytokine IL-15 or its superagonist N-803 are currently under clinical investigation, either alone or with other interventions. They have been shown to reactivate latent HIV and enhance immune effector function, both of which are potentially required for effective reduction of latent reservoirs. In here, we present a comprehensive literature review of the different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies conducted to date that are aimed at targeting HIV reservoirs using IL-15 and N-803.

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“…However, the dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with enhanced immunopathology in response to infection as well as increased risk for development of autoimmune diseases [ 48 ]. A previous study demonstrated that patients with VL had high IL-10 production that blocked the production of IL-6 and TNF α [ 49 ]. THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs expressed around four times more IL-12 than normal THP-1 cells, but they were unable to produce IFN-γ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles from Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Contribute in Stimulating Immune Response and Immunosuppression in Hosts with Visceral Leishmaniasis

Carneiro,

da Cruz,

Maia

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic systemic disease. In Brazil this infection is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania species have different functions like the modulation of host immune systems and inflammatory responses, among others. This study evaluated the participation of EVs from L. (L.) infantum (Leish-EVs) in recognition of the humoral and cellular immune response of hosts with VL. Promastigotes were cultivated in 199 medium and, in the log phase of growth, they were centrifuged, washed, resus-pended in RPMI medium, and incubated for 2 to 24 h, at 25 °C or 37 °C to release Leish-EVs. This dynamic was evaluated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopies, as well as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The results suggested that parasite penetration in mammal macrophages requires more Leish-EVs than those living in insect vectors, since promastigotes incubated at 37 °C released more Leish-EVs than those incubated at 25 °C. Infected THP-1 cells produced high EV concentration (THP-1 cells-EVs) when compared with those from the control group. The same results were obtained when THP-1 cells were treated with Leish-EVs or a crude Leishmania antigen. These data indicated that host–EV concentrations could be used to distinguish infected from uninfected hosts. THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs expressed more IL-12 than control THP-1 cells, but were unable to express IFN-γ. These same cells highly expressed IL-10, which inhibited TNF-α and IL-6. Equally, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs up-expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p. In conclusion, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs highly expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p and caused the dysregulation of IL-10. Indirectly, these results suggest that high expression of these miRNAs species is caused by Leish-EVs. Consequently, this molecular via can contribute to immunosuppression causing enhanced immunopathology in infected hosts.

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The cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection

Cited by 18 publications

References 230 publications

CMV and HIV Coinfection in Women from a Region in Eastern Europe

CMV and HIV Coinfection in Women from a Region in Eastern Europe

IL-15 and N-803 for HIV Cure Approaches

Extracellular Vesicles from Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Contribute in Stimulating Immune Response and Immunosuppression in Hosts with Visceral Leishmaniasis

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