The Cytotoxic, Apoptotic Induction, and Cell Cycle Arrest Activities of Solanum nigrum L. Ethanolic Extract on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the cytotoxic, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic induction activities of the fruit of S. nigrum L. ethanolic-70% extract against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Methods: S. nigrum L. ripe fruit was blended and macerated with ethanol 70% and the filtrate was evaporated. The semisolid extract was then analyzed phytochemically. Cytotoxic analysis was performed using MCF-7 cancer and Vero normal cell by MTT method and followed by apoptotic and cell cycle arrest analysis using flow cytometry. Results: The phytochemical analysis resulted that extract contained total phenolic and flavonoid compounds with the level of 1.545±0.080% and 0.212±0.002%, respectively. Glycitin was the highest level of isoflavone compound, namely, 375.0844 mg/100 g extract. The cytotoxic evaluation revealed that the extract exhibited a selectively toxic effect between cancer and normal cell. The extract inhibited MCF-7 proliferation with IC50 value about 40.77±4.86 μg/mL and conversely toward Vero cell at lower cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 298.96±27.28 μg/mL. Evaluation of MCF-7 cell cycles demonstrated that the extract arrested the cell cycle in the S phase and continued to the G2/M phase at the half of the IC50 value. The extract induced apoptotic of MCF-7 cell about 43.31% in which this activity was nearly the same with doxorubicin as a positive control (59.14%). However, solamargine was predicted as the most active anticancer compounds by a molecular docking study so that it was suggested to measure the level of this compound. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the fruit of S. nigrum L. ethanolic-70% extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cell and nontoxic on Vero normal cell. Solamargine was predicted as the most active anticancer compound. This extract had an opportunity to be developed as a potential anticancer agent to overcome breast cancer diseases.

Glycitin exerts anticancer effect on human lung cancer cells through induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT signal pathway

“…Moreover, it inhibited the cell cycle at G0/G1-phase. Therefore, these results are consistent with already reported work in which it was shown that glycitin induced apoptosis and inhibited cell cycle in human breast cancer cells [10].…”

“…Isoflavones have been reported to be highly effective in the activation of apoptosis in cancer cells. A study has reported that glycitin, a key constituent of ethanolic extract of Solanum nigrum L. exerted antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-cell cycle effects [10]. In this study, it was also found that glycitin produced marked induction of apoptosis in A549 cells.…”

“…This molecule has been shown to exhibit wound-healing, cardioprotective, antiobesity, and antioxidant properties [9]. Furthermore, glycitin, a major phytochemical constituent of ethanolic extract of Solanum nigrum L., exhibited anticancer effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells via suppression of proliferation, promotion of apoptosis and induction of cell cycle arrest [10].…”

In vitro cytotoxic potential of Solanum nigrum against human cancer cell lines

“…Aqueous extracts have generally been reported to be prepared with dried berries, other plant and whole plants can also be used to screen out their therapeutic potential. The antiproliferative activities of the crude organic solvent-based extracts of S. nigrum and isolated compounds were evaluated on tumor cell lines of liver (HepG2), ( Fekry et al, 2019 ) colon (HT29 and HCT-116), breast (MCF-7), ( Churiyah et al, 2020 ) and cervical (U14 and HeLa) ( Chothiphirat et al, 2019 , Moglad, 2019 ). Cytotoxic effects of a number of glycoalkaloids have also been considered on several cancer cell lines such as HepG2 ( Ahmad et al, 2017 , Ling et al, 2019 , Li et al, 2021 )…”

Solanum nigrum Ethanolic Extract (SNE) Increases Cytotoxic Activity of Doxorubicin on MCF-7 Cell

“…Cytotoxic effect of leunca aginst cancer cell has been reported before. Leunca (Solanum nigrum L.) has been known to have cytotoxic effect against on several cancer cells (Sarmoko, et al, 2011;Maruti, et al, 2011;Moglad, 2018;Churiyah, et al, 2020). SNE was found to have low genotoxicity activity and acute toxicity on mice (Rumiyati, et al, 2015).…”