The Czochralski Method (Cz): History and Development

A Novel Method to Significantly Improve the Mechanical Properties of n-Type Bi(1−x)Sbx Thermoelectrics Due to Plastic Deformation

“…This indicates It was shown by the Schultz topographic method that, first, the blocks are predominantly elongated in the direction of crystal elongation; second, the transverse dimensions of the blocks are from 0.1 to 2.0 mm; third, the angles of rotation of the blocks relative to each other are in the range from several minutes to 1 • . Note that a substructure in the form of weakly misoriented single-crystal blocks was also observed earlier in Bi-Sb crystals grown by the Czochralski method [5,9,[12][13][14]. The formation of blocks is associated with the fact that the growth of Bi-Sb crystals is accompanied by the appearance of local concentration overcooling regions at the crystallization front.…”

“…The initial Bi 0.91 Sb 0.09 single crystals were obtained using the Czochralski method [3,5,9,[12][13][14], which is currently used in the production of more than half of the technically important crystals grown from the melt; at the same time, about 60% of all single crystals are used to obtain semiconductors [13. The single crystal was grown on a single crystal seed, and the melt was fed with solid antimony during the growth without additional alloying. The purity of the starting materials was 99.9999%.…”

“…To improve the bending strength of Czochralskigrown ingots, the effect of the growth parameters and the size and surface quality of the samples on σ b has been investigated in detail by Belaya et al [3,7]. At 77 K, the bending strength σ b is relatively low (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20); for example, when the bending force in a threepoint test is orientated along the <101> and <121> axes, the σ b values of Bi 0.91 Sb 0.09 single crystals were about 18-28 MPa [8]. At T < 200 K, it is promising to use n-type branches from Bi-Sb single crystals together with superconducting branches from high-temperature superconductors instead of p-type branches [8,9].…”