The Danish Rural Eye Study: prevalence of strabismus among 3785 Danish adults – a population‐based cross‐sectional study

Hultman, Oscar; Høeg, Tracy Beth; Munch, Inger Christine; Ellervik, Christina; Cour, Morten la; Grönlund, Marita Andersson; Hesgaard, Helena Buch

doi:10.1111/aos.14112

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The finding was similar to the results of studies conducted in Australia, 20 Cameroon, 26 Korea, 38 and Denmark. 39 In addition, strabismus severity was greater among children with amblyopia than among children without amblyopia. Although the association between amblyopia and strabismus is unclear, a child with amblyopia is presumed to use his/her non-amblyopic eye for clear vision, while the amblyopic eye is permitted to deviate and become strabismic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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Objective To assess the strabismus prevalence and associated factors among children aged ≤15 years. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to October 2017 in the Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect relevant data and clinical examinations were performed for patient diagnosis. Results Overall, 582 children participated in the study (response rate, 97%). The prevalence of childhood strabismus was 17.9% [95% confidence interval: 14.6–21.1]. Additionally, 9.6%, 16.7%, and 9.6% of the children had anisometropia, amblyopia, and dense cataract, respectively. Among the 16.7% of children with amblyopia, 56.7% had strabismus; among the 22.5% of children with clinically significant refractive error, 52.7% had strabismus. Moreover, among the 9.6% of children with anisometropia, 58.9% had strabismus. The presence of amblyopia (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.9, 1.7–8.6), age <5 years (13.5 [5.0–36.1]), age 5 to 10 years (6.1 [2.3–16.3]), and clinically significant refractive error (13.3 [5.8–30.6]) were significantly associated with childhood strabismus. Conclusions The prevalence of strabismus was relatively high among patients in this study. Early screening for childhood strabismus is essential. A well-controlled community-based study is needed to confirm strabismus prevalence and predictors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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“…2020), and in a population‐based study from Denmark, the prevalence of strabismus was 1.1% (Hultman et al. 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a systematic review on the global prevalence of strabismus, Hashemi et al (Hashemi, Pakzad, et al 2019) found that the pooled prevalence of strabismus was 1.93%. In a large population-based study from Germany, Fieß et al found that the prevalence of strabismus was 2.5% (Fiess et al 2020), and in a population-based study from Denmark, the prevalence of strabismus was 1.1% (Hultman et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

Pétursdóttir

Holmström

Larsson

2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in prematurely born young adults; screened for retinopathy of prematurity in the neonatal period and compare with term‐born individuals of the same age. Materials and methods The study participants included 59 prematurely born individuals with a birthweight of ≤1,500 grams and 44 term‐born controls, all born during 1988–1990 in Stockholm County, Sweden. Ocular alignment was assessed with a cover test, stereoacuity with the TNO stereo test and the amplitude of accommodation and the near point of convergence with the Royal Air Force Rule. Results Seven of 59 (12%) preterms had manifest strabismus, 4/59 (7%) had esotropia and 3/59 (5%) exotropia. One of 44 (2%) controls had esotropia; no other controls had manifest strabismus. Stereoacuity was within normal limits in 38/59 (64%) preterms and 43/44 (98%) controls, p < 0.01; the difference remained after excluding those with strabismus. A neurological complication at 2.5 years of age was the strongest risk factor for subnormal stereoacuity within the preterm group after excluding those with strabismus. The mean amplitude of accommodation was poorer in the preterms than the controls in better (p < 0.05) and worse eyes (p < 0.05). The preterms were more likely to have an amplitude of accommodation below the minimum, according to Hofstetter’s equation. There were no differences between the groups regarding the near point of convergence. Conclusion Prematurely born young adults had a higher prevalence of strabismus, reduced stereoacuity and worse amplitude of accommodation than term‐born controls.

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“…We found 739 records with quantitative information on horizontal strabismus, 427 were population-based, and 312 were clinic-based ( Figure 1 ). Among the 427 population-based studies that reported on the prevalence of horizontal strabismus, 74 (17.33%) disclosed the distribution by gender in cohorts and in cases [ 10 , 14 - 16 , 22 , 25 , 32 - 98 ]. One of these studies was removed because it exclusively examined people above the age of 50 years [ 63 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the population-based studies with the largest cohorts reported no significant difference in the prevalence of horizontal strabismus between males and females [ 14 - 16 ]. Furthermore, several population and clinic-based studies reported more males than females for overall horizontal strabismus [ 17 ] or for exotropia [ 18 ], or detected no gender difference [ 14 - 16 , 19 - 22 ]. Since the question of gender differences in horizontal strabismus has never been systematically explored or conclusively resolved, it is currently not clear whether gender differences exist, overall, or only for certain types of strabismus (exotropia), or, if they do exist, whether they are restricted to certain populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Laughton,

Hagen,

Yang

et al. 2023

J Glob Health

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Background Strabismus is a misalignment of the visual axis that affects 2-3% of the population and can lead to loss of binocular vision. It is currently controversial whether there is a gender difference in the most common form of visual misalignment: horizontal strabismus. Some studies claimed that more females than males have an outward deviation (exotropia), while others concluded that there is no significant gender difference. No previous work has systematically explored gender differences in horizontal strabismus or has compared the results of population-based studies with those of clinic-based studies. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of horizontal strabismus. We included 73 population-based studies and compared their disclosed gender population with that in 141 comparable clinical-based studies. We analysed the data according to gender, strabismus type (esotropia, exotropia), and geographic region/ethnicity. Results Summary statistics showed a nearly identical prevalence of horizontal strabismus (2.558% for males, 2.582% for females), esotropia (1.386% males vs. 1.377% females), and of exotropia (1.035% males vs. 1.043% females). Meta-analysis results showed that these differences between males and females were not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-1.10), but that females were significantly more frequent (by 7.50%) in clinic-based studies than males, with 5.00% more females for esotropia, and 12.20% more females for exotropia when adjusted for the population’s sex ratio. The extent of the female gender bias differed between geographic regions/societies, with Asians having the lowest bias towards females and Latin American countries having the strongest bias. Conclusions Males and females have the same prevalence of horizontal strabismus, including exotropia. Females with strabismus seek health care or are brought to clinics significantly more often than males. This is an example of gender bias in health care in favour of females rather than males, apparently because parents – erroneously fearing only cosmetic consequences – are more concerned about strabismus in their daughters than their sons. Societal attitudes towards females, as well as economic factors (insurance status), appear to be relevant factors that determine the magnitude of the gender bias in horizontal strabismus.

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The Danish Rural Eye Study: prevalence of strabismus among 3785 Danish adults – a population‐based cross‐sectional study

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

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